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Topic Review
Callous and Unemotional (CU) Traits
Behavioral disorders (BD), including disruptive, aggressive, and/or antisocial behavior, are some of the most common disorders in children and adolescents. The notion of BD used in our review is an umbrella term, including children and adolescents with a range of emotional and behavioral disorders. It includes a population with heterogeneous behavioral diagnoses such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), internalized disorders (ID), conditions often associated with aggressive and/or antisocial behavior. Retrospective research in the field notes heterogeneous developmental trajectories that could be explained by certain risk factors, including the severity of callous-unemotional (CU) traits, a constellation of emotional and personality traits in children considered as a precursor to adult psychopathy.
  • 765
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Canada’s Open Work Permit for Vulnerable Workers Policy
In June 2019, the Government of Canada implemented the Open work permit for vulnerable workers (OWP-V) policy, authorizing immigration officers to issue open work permits to migrant workers on employer-specific work permits if they demonstrate reasonable grounds to believe that they are experiencing abuse or are at risk of abuse in their workplace. Drawing on research conducted by a community organization on the impact of the policy, the policy’s potential to remedy the problematic effects of the employer-specific work permit and whether it has been implemented efficiently are examined here. The research concludes that the OWP-V policy cannot be expected to counteract the high risk of abuse imposed on workers through the employer-specific work permit. Numerous barriers were identified that make it difficult for migrant workers to apply for the permit. The small number of OWP-V permits issued in proportion to the number of employers authorized to hire migrant workers makes it unlikely that the policy will significantly impact employers’ propensity to comply with the program conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cantonal Rebellion
Script error: No such module "Infobox military conflict". The Cantonal rebellion was a cantonalist insurrection that took place during the First Spanish Republic between July 1873 and January 1874. Its protagonists were the "intransigent" federal Republicans, who wanted to establish immediately the Federal Republic from the bottom-up without waiting for the Constituent Cortes to draft and approve the new Federal Constitution, as defended by the president of the Executive Power of the Republic Francisco Pi y Margall, a Proudhonian Mutualist supported by the "centrist" and "moderate" sectors of the Federal Democratic Republican Party. Pi y Margall was the principal translator of Proudhon's works, according to George Woodcock "These translations were to have a profound and lasting effect on the development of Spanish anarchism after 1870, but before that time Proudhonian ideas, as interpreted by Pi, already provided much of the inspiration for the federalist movement which sprang up in the early 1860s." According to the Encyclopædia Britannica "During the Spanish revolution of 1873, Pi y Margall attempted to establish a decentralized, or “cantonalist,” political system on Proudhonian lines." The rebellion began on July 12, 1873 in Cartagena - although three days earlier the Alcoy Petroleum Revolution had broken out at the initiative of the Spanish section of the International Workers Association (AIT) - spreading in the following days through the regions of Valencia, Murcia and Andalusia. In these areas, cantons were formed, whose federation would constitute the base of the Spanish Federal Republic. The political theory on which the cantonal movement was based was the "pactist" federalism of Francisco Pi y Margall against whose government the "intransigent" federal republicans (paradoxically) rose up against. When the policy of the Pi y Margall government failed to combine persuasion with repression to end the insurrection, the government that replaced him chaired by the "moderate" Nicolás Salmerón did not hesitate to employ the army led by generals Arsenio Martínez Campos and Manuel Pavia to crush the rebellion, a policy that accentuated the next government of the also "moderate" Emilio Castelar, who, after suspending the sessions of the Cortes, began the siege of Cartagena, the last stronghold of the rebellion. Cartagena would not fall into the hands government until January 12, a week after the coup of Pavia that ended the federal Republic giving way to the dictatorship of Serrano. Although the cantonal rebellion was considered a "separatist" movement by the Government of the Republic, the current historiography highlights that the rebellion only sought to reform the structure of the state, without ever wanting to break the unity of Spain.
  • 545
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cape Verde Tourism Online Reviews
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) depend on the tourism industry as an important source for their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Indeed, tourism is seen as a viable and sometimes the only means of economic growth, job creation, and earnings. Lack of studies was found both in SIDS, including Cape Verde, in regard to analyzing customers perception and satisfaction, and even more so when considering online reviews as a proxy of tourism experience.
  • 591
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Emission Intensity
The definition of Carbon Emission Intensity (CEI) according to the INDCs is "the amount of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP". As defined, CEI is an emission reduction indicator that takes into account environmental protection and economic development, which has important reference significance for the emission reduction work of developing countries.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Carbon Emissions Reduction in China
Climate change is one of the largest challenges facing mankind, and the question of how to reduce carbon emissions has raised extensive concern all over the world. China’s carbon emissions trading policy and the horizontal mobility experience of the provincial governors exert a significant positive effect on carbon emission reduction.
  • 226
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Emissions Trading
Carbon emissions trading is a market-oriented policy tool aimed at controlling greenhouse gas emissions. It addresses the issue of environmental resource constraints by clarifying property rights and transferring the costs of carbon-dioxide-emitting enterprises to society through market-oriented means. The specific transaction method involves allocating carbon emission rights to various enterprises based on a comprehensive assessment of the environmental capacity and resource status in the region, as well as the total amount of carbon dioxide control. This creates a market where enterprises can trade carbon emission rights.
  • 284
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Footprint
A carbon footprint is “a measure of the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that is directly and indirectly caused by the activities of an individual or is accumulated over the life stages of a product”.
  • 707
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Tax in Taiwan
By 2020, there were 30 countries that had already implemented or were scheduled to implement a carbon tax, including South Africa and Singapore, both of which began to implement their carbon tax in 2019. At the end of 2019, the European Union (EU) adopted the European Green Deal. The EU aims to achieve a legally binding target of net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 through the adoption of the European Climate Law. The EU is also introducing the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to prevent carbon leakage from other countries into the EU and encourage carbon taxation in other countries. The research retrospectively analyzed the structural path dependence and other difficulties that were faced during Taiwan’s attempted transitions toward a low-carbon economy. In combination with the common issues among developmental states, the technocratic decision-making in East Asia and the high-carbon industries have shaped the carbon lock-in effect to a certain degree. Additionally, the case of Taiwan illustrates how long-term low energy prices and wages are structured. Our study analysis showed that a brown economy reinforces the carbon lock-in effect and delays low-carbon transitions, resulting in the stagnation of attempts for sustainable economic transformation. Unless major external forces that are sufficient to break the deadlock are introduced, genuine low-carbon reforms seem unlikely.
  • 505
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Trading Scheme Synergistic Effect
The externality cost of carbon emission can be internalized through emission trading schemes (ETSs), which contribute to carbon emission reduction. Consequently, ETSs have been widely adopted in the implementation of emission reduction targets.
  • 557
  • 25 May 2021
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