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Topic Review
May 20: Vasco da Gama Reaches India
Vasco da Gama’s arrival in Calicut, India on May 20, 1498, marked the first time a European reached India by sea, successfully navigating around the Cape of Good Hope and across the Indian Ocean. This event opened a direct maritime trade route between Europe and Asia, breaking the centuries-old overland monopoly held by Middle Eastern and Venetian traders. It initiated an era of European exploration, imperial expansion, and global maritime dominance, especially for Portugal.
  • 6.4K
  • 20 May 2025
Biography
Helge Kragh
Helge Stjernholm Kragh (born February 13, 1944) is a Danish historian of science who focuses on the development of 19th century physics, chemistry, and astronomy.[1] His published work includes biographies of Paul Dirac, Julius Thomsen and Ludvig Lorenz, and The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology (2019) which he co-edited with Malcolm Longair.[1] Helge Kragh is a professor emeri
  • 2.2K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Dangers of Travel—Banditry on the Roads
Since the dawn of time, one of the main barriers to travel has been the fear of leaving one’s place of residence and travelling into a foreign unknown and dangerous space. However, at the same time, firmly rooted in human nature is the desire to know and experience travel, this archetypal inner need is the motive for undertaking travel. In the past, in ancient times, it was difficult to travel safely, not always succeeding in avoiding dangerous areas and being among the friendly inhabitants of distant countries. In modern times, too, travel is dangerous and no traveler can have the comfort of carefree travel until the end.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ali Boushaki
Ali Boushaki (Arabic : علي بن محمد بوسحاقيAli ibn Mohamed al-Boushaki) (1855 CE/1271 AH – 1965 CE/1385 AH), was an Algerian Scholar, Imam and Sufi Sheikh. He was born in the village of Soumâa near the town of Thénia 53 km east of Algiers. He was raised in a very spiritual environment within Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki with high Islamic values and ethics. He had great interpersonal skills and devoted his entire life in service of Islam and Algeria according to the Algerian Islamic reference.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fitness-for-All and World
The Fitness-for-All was elevated to a national strategy, and the National Fitness Program (2011–2015) was launched to enhance the development of mass sports and well-being services by building a national fitness public service system.
  • 934
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Lower Paleolithic Engravings of Bilzingsleben, Germany
Some of the earliest known engravings are described, analyzed, and interpreted, following their microscopic examination. They are of significance in exploring the cognitive evolution of hominins several hundred thousand years ago and have not been described together before. The Steinrinne site near Bilzingsleben, north of Weimar, Germany, is one of Europe’s most important Lower Paleolithic occupation sites. Its extensive human habitation floor, excavated over 1000 square meters, comprises some of the world’s oldest evidence of dwellings, broadly matching or exceeding the age of examples proposed in Africa, India, and France. It has yielded numerous hominin remains, many wooden artefacts, other exquisitely preserved organic remains, and more portable engravings than any other Middle Pleistocene site. The latter are reviewed here, presenting the results of a detailed microscopic examination of the main finds. Bilzingsleben has so far produced the largest number of engraved Lower Paleolithic objects reported, which are particularly important to exploring the cognitive developments of hominins.
  • 737
  • 28 Apr 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Polyglot Lexicons and Encyclopedic Works in Late Imperial China
The present article reinterprets the history of polyglot lexicography and encyclopedic language projects in late imperial China from the Yuan and the Ming through the Qing periods by tracing a three-stage transformation. The Yuan period inaugurated a foundational regime of phonetic transcription anchored in the ’Phags-pa script (Ch. Basiba zi 八思巴字) while already experimenting with semantic pairing in the early Sino–Mongol glossary conventionally known as Zhiyuan yiyu (至元譯語). The Ming consolidated that legacy into a state curriculum centered on the Huayi yiyu (華夷譯語) corpus, together with frontier manuals such as Beilu yiyu (北虜譯語), which systematized domain-based vocabulary and coupled it with documentary templates for tribute, diplomacy, and administration. The Qing, finally, reconceived multilingual lexicography as a project of imperial integration, recentering Manchu as the pivot language in the Qing wen jian (清文鑒) series and culminating in the five-language Wuti Qing wen jian (五體清文鑒). Specialized compendia such as Xiyu tongwen zhi (西域同文志) normalized toponyms across scripts in newly incorporated territories. Complementing official compilations, market-facing handbooks—including Menggu zazi (蒙古雜字)—and the dialogic textbooks Nogeoldae (Ch. Lao qida 老乞大) and Bak Tongsa (Ch. Piao tongshi 朴通事) produced within Joseon’s translator-training institutions reveal a multi-sited ecosystem in which court, frontier, marketplace, and foreign language schools co-produced the infrastructure of interlingual governance. By following the shift from “how to read” (phonetic) to “what it means” (semantic) and ultimately to “what it governs” (administrative integration), this article argues that polyglot lexicons were not merely repositories of words but instruments that made a multilingual empire legible, speakable, and governable.
  • 18
  • 26 Dec 2025
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