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Topic Review
Overcoming Immune-Checkpoint-Inhibitor Resistance with Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The standard of care for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without driver-gene mutations is a combination of an anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody and chemotherapy, or an anti-PD-1/anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibody and an anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) antibody with or without chemotherapy. Although there were fewer cases of disease progression in the early stages of combination treatment than with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies alone, only approximately half of the patients had a long-term response. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Recent reports of such mechanisms include reduced cancer-cell immunogenicity, loss of major histocompatibility complex, dysfunctional tumor-intrinsic interferon-γ signaling, and oncogenic signaling leading to immunoediting. Among these, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a notable potential mechanism of immune escape and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • 690
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Dysregulation of KCNK9 Imprinting and TNBC
Genomic imprinting is an inherited form of parent-of-origin specific epigenetic gene regulation that is dysregulated by poor prenatal nutrition and environmental toxins. KCNK9 encodes for TASK3, a pH-regulated potassium channel membrane protein that is overexpressed in 40% of breast cancer. However, KCNK9 gene amplification accounts for increased expression in <10% of these breast cancers.
  • 689
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Therapy for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
The development of several antiHuman Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) treatments over the last few years has improved the landscape of HER2-positive breast cancer. Despite this, relapse is still the main issue in HER2-positive breast cancer. The reasons for therapeutic failure lie in the heterogeneity of the disease itself, as well as in the drug resistance mechanisms.
  • 689
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Obesity and Prostate Cancer Mortality
Obesity was associated with prostate cancer specific mortality and all-cause mortality. The temporal association was consistent with a dose-response relationship. Obesity, a potentially modifiable prognostic factor, was associated with higher prostate cancer mortality. Obesity had a moderate, consistent, temporal, and dose-response association with PC mortality. Weight control programs may have a role in improving PC survival.
  • 689
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
IGF System in Cancer
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is a dynamic network of proteins, which includes cognate ligands, membrane receptors, ligand binding proteins and functional downstream effectors. It plays a critical role in regulating several important physiological processes including cell growth, metabolism and differentiation. Importantly, alterations in expression levels or activation of components of the IGF network are implicated in many pathological conditions including diabetes, obesity and cancer initiation and progression. 
  • 688
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a poorly understood disease with aggressive features, high relapse rates, and significant morbidity as well as mortality, yet persistently limited treatment options. On the other hand, immunotherapy has been a thriving concept that revolutionized treatment options in multiple malignancies, rendering previously untreatable diseases potentially curable. In extensive stage SCLC, immunotherapy significantly altered the course of disease and is now part of the treatment algorithm in the first-line setting. Nevertheless, the important questions that arise are how best to implement immunotherapy, who would benefit the most, and finally, how to enhance responses.
  • 688
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
LncRNAs: Novel Biomarkers for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly neoplasms and the seventh major cause of cancer-related deaths among both males and females. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides and have no protein-coding capacity. lncRNAs have been recently found to influence the progression and initiation of pancreatic cancer. MACC1-AS1, LINC00976, LINC00462, LINC01559, HOXA-AS2, LINC00152, TP73-AS1, XIST, SNHG12, LUCAT1, and UCA1 are among the oncogenic lncRNAs in pancreatic cancer.
  • 688
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Recurrent Glioma– from bench to bedside
Glioma is the most aggressive malignant tumor of the central nervous system, and most patients suffer from a recurrence. Unfortunately, recurrent glioma often becomes resistant to established chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. Immunotherapy, a rapidly developing anti-tumor therapy, has shown a potential value in treating recurrent glioma. Multiple immune strategies have been explored. The most-used ones are immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies, which are barely effective in monotherapy. However, when combined with other immunotherapy, especially with anti-angiogenesis antibodies, ICB has shown encouraging efficacy and enhanced anti-tumor immune response. Oncolytic viruses and CAR-T therapies have shown promising result in recurrent glioma through multiple mechanisms. Vaccination strategies and immune-cell-based immunotherapies are promising in some subgroup patients with multiple new tumor antigenic targets been discovered.
  • 688
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Meaning Adaptability in Cancer
Cancer diagnosis and treatment evoke existential concerns, especially ones related to meaning in life and meaning-making processes. The cancer experience is a vital challenge that often entails changes in what is personally important in life. Meaning adaptability is the way people adapt their meaning in life to the cancer experience, is a central element in the mental health of cancer patients. 
  • 688
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Drug Resistance in Melanoma
Melanoma represents only 1% of human skin cancers, but in several cases can lead to the death of the patient. Nowadays, there are different systemic therapies used for the treatment of human melanoma. Although these substantially improve patients’ lifespan, they are still associated with resistance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), tiny vesicles released by tumor cells involved in intercellular communication, play an important role in melanoma pathogenesis and progression. They are crucially involved in several mechanisms of cancer drug resistance in several types of cancer, and there is a strong indication that EVs released by melanoma cells might play a role in the development of resistance, modulating the response towards anti-cancer drugs.
  • 687
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
IL-6 Cytokine Family in Breast Cancer
The IL-6 cytokine family is a group of signaling molecules with wide expression and function across vertebrates.  Each member of the family signals by binding to its specific receptor and at least one molecule of gp130, which is the common transmembrane receptor subunit for the whole group. Signal transduction upon stimulation of the receptor complex results in the activation of multiple downstream cascades, among which, in mammary cells, the JAK-STAT3 pathway plays a central role. The role of the IL-6 cytokine family—specifically IL-6 itself, LIF, OSM, and IL-11—as relevant players during breast cancer progression was summarized. The evidence indicating that this group of soluble factors may be used for early and more precise breast cancer diagnosis and to design targeted therapy to treat or even prevent metastasis development,particularly to the bone. Expression profiles and possible therapeutic use of their specific receptors in the different breast cancer subtypes are also described. In addition, participation of these cytokines in pathologies of the breast linked to lactation and involution of the gland, as post-partum breast cancer and mastitis, is discussed.
  • 686
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Barriers to Adolescent Oncofertility Care
Adolescent cancer patients experience parent, patient, and health care system barriers to developmentally appropriate oncofertility care.
  • 686
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Multidrug Resistance
Drug resistance in cancer is a common cause of the poor response to chemotherapy and is associated with 90% of the mortality in cancer patients. The main causes of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer include the efflux of drugs, increased DNA repair capacity, genetic factors, and the increased metabolism of xenobiotics.
  • 686
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Related Fatigue
Cancer treatments can cause adverse effects such as cancer-related fatigue. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a relatively new therapy for some cancers and have shown great promise in helping people. Physical activity has been shown to aid many cancer patients to overcome adverse effects in traditional chemotherapy, but along with ICIs, it hasn’t been fully examined.
  • 685
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CAFS for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Segmentation
Accurate segmentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is essential to its treatment effect. CAFS addresses the above challenges through three mechanisms: the teacher–student cooperative segmentation mechanism, the attention mechanism, and the feedback mechanism. CAFS can use only a small amount of labeled nasopharyngeal carcinoma data to segment the cancer region accurately. The average DSC value of CAFS is 0.8723 on the nasopharyngeal carcinoma segmentation task. 
  • 685
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Single-Cell Techniques in Cancer Metastases
Metastasis is the cause of most cancer deaths and continues to be the biggest challenge in clinical practice and laboratory investigation. The challenge is largely due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of primary and metastatic tumor populations and the complex interactions among cancer cells and cells in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it is important to determine the genotype and phenotype of individual cells so that the metastasis-driving events can be precisely identified, understood, and targeted in future therapies. Single-cell sequencing techniques have allowed the direct comparison of the genomic and transcriptomic changes among different stages of metastatic samples. Single-cell imaging approaches have enabled the live visualization of the heterogeneous behaviors of malignant and non-malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment.
  • 685
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Proton Therapy for PBI
Partial breast irradiation (PBI) presents an opportunity to improve quality of life during treatment with a significantly shorter treatment duration. By targeting less non-target breast tissue, excess radiation exposure and resulting toxicities are also reduced. Proton therapy represents a precision radiotherapy technology that builds on these advantages by further limiting the normal tissue exposure to unnecessary radiation dose not only to uninvolved breast tissue but also the underlying thoracic organs including the heart and lungs. 
  • 684
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Current Therapies for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) have been treated with immunotherapy for decades; the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors represents the most recent advance. Ongoing clinical trials of hypoxia-induced factor-2 alpha (HIF-2a) inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy targeting CD70, and other new combination therapies have also shown promise and are currently under investigation. Conclusions: Many new combination therapies are approved for RCC treatment, and CR rates suggest that, in the era of immunotherapy, it may be possible to achieve durable responses and survival benefit in patients with metastatic RCC.
  • 684
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Intratumoral Heterogeneity in Lung Cancer
The diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer (LC) is always a challenge. The difficulty in the decision of therapeutic schedule and diagnosis is directly related to intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) in the progression of LC. It has been proven that most tumors emerge and evolve under the pressure of their living microenvironment, which involves genetic, immunological, metabolic, and therapeutic components. 
  • 684
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
How Systems Biology Can Advance Clinical Precision Oncology
Precision oncology aims to define the best treatment for each individual tumor by matching targeted drugs to the molecular alterations present in the tumor. This task is hampered by the complexity and heterogeneity of the molecular alterations present in each tumor and the resulting variability of patient’s responses. Systems biology allows us to reconstruct the complex behavior of biological systems and to compute the system's response to environmental perturbations, including targeted therapies. This helps to dissect drug resistance phenomena and to establish the best drug combinations for a specific, individual tumor. 
  • 683
  • 05 Jan 2022
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