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Topic Review
Brain Metastases
Brain Metastases means tumor cell seeding into the central nervous system, mostly localized in the brain parenchyma, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the dura, and the bone structures of the skull, is a frequent complication of advanced cancer. In addition to reduced life span, brain metastases (BM) frequently cause focal neurological deficits, cognitive impairment, and significant life quality reduction.
  • 728
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Fluid Biomarkers in HPV Related Oropharyngeal Carcinomas
Biomarkers are crucial in oncology, from the detection and monitoring of cancer to guiding management and predicting treatment outcomes. However, histological assessment of tissue biopsies, which is currently the gold standard for oral cancers, is technically demanding, invasive, and expensive. Liquid biopsies, through the analysis of cancer biomarkers in bodily fluids, offer promising non-invasive alternatives to patient care in oral cancers. Herein, it was to explore and discuss current markers that are detectable in various biofluids, including plasma, oropharyngeal swabs, and oral rinse. Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is classified by the World Health Organization into HPV-positive and HPV-negative types, due to their significant differences in epidemiology, clinical features, histology, and prognosis. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPCs). patients generally show better prognosis and survival compared to their HPV-negative counterparts. Regarding HPV-positive OPCs, biomarkers are heavily centered around detection of HPV DNA and their associated oncoproteins, aiming to improve outcome and survival. Twenty clinical studies were identified from the systematic search and are categorized into genetics, epigenetics, extracellular vesicles, oncoproteins, and immune response-related markers. Clinical trials investigating biomarkers for both HPV-positive and HPV-negative cancers have approaches from various levels and different biofluids. The majority of fluid biomarker research is still in plasma, with HPV ctDNA remaining the most-studied fluid biomarker, which has already been applied clinically to other HPV-related cancers. Promising candidates have been found that could aid in detection, staging, and predicting prognosis of OPCs, in addition to well-established factors including HPV, alcohol consumption, and smoking status. These studies also emphasize the possibility of enhancing prediction results and increasing statistical significance by multi-variate analyses. Liquid biopsies, being non-invasive methods, offer promising assistance in enhancing personalized medicine in treating cancer patients. 
  • 728
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Isothiocyanates and Its Impacts on Female-Specific Cancers
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), specifically sulforaphane, benzyl isothiocyanate, and phenethyl isothiocyanate, have shown an intriguing potential to actively contribute to cancer cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, epigenetic alterations, and modulation of autophagy and cancer stem cells in female-specific cancers.
  • 728
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Current Therapy for Advanced/Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. More than half of patients with HCC present with advanced stage, and highly active systemic therapies are crucial for improving outcomes. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapies have emerged as novel therapy options for advanced HCC.
  • 728
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pseudogene Transcripts in Head/Neck Cancer
Once considered nonfunctional, pseudogene transcripts are now known to provide valuable information for cancer susceptibility, including head and neck cancer (HNC), a serious health problem worldwide, with about 50% unimproved overall survival over the last decades. The present review focuses on the role of pseudogene transcripts involved in HNC risk and prognosis. Our study can guide new research to HNC understanding and development of new target therapies.
  • 727
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Moderate-Risk Genes for Hereditary Ovarian Cancers
Approximately 20% of cases of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are hereditary, sharing many causative genes with breast cancer. The lower frequency of EOC compared to breast cancer makes it challenging to estimate absolute or relative risk and verify the efficacy of risk-reducing surgery in individuals harboring germline pathogenic variants (GPV) in EOC predisposition genes, particularly those with relatively low penetrance. 
  • 727
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
FOXM1 Inhibitors in Combination with Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a transcription factor in the forkhead (FOX) family, which is required for cellular proliferation in normal and neoplastic cells. FOXM1 is highly expressed in many different cancers, and its expression is associated with a higher tumor stage and worse patient-related outcomes. Abnormally high expression of FOXM1 in cancers compared to normal tissue makes FOXM1 an attractive target for pharmacological inhibition. FOXM1-inhibiting agents and specific FOXM1-targeted small-molecule inhibitors have been developed in the lab and some of them have shown promising efficacy and safety profiles in mouse models. While the future goal is to translate FOXM1 inhibitors to clinical trials, potential synergistic drug combinations can maximize anti-tumor efficacy while minimizing off-target side effects.
  • 726
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Novel FGFR4-Targeting Single-Domain Antibodies
FGFR4, member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor family, is a promising therapeutic target for rhabdomyosarcoma, the most frequent pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. FGFR4 single domain Antibodies specific for FGFR4 were selected, characterized, and showed promising results against rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines as single agents, as targeting moieties for liposomes, and as antigen binding domain in Chimeric Antigen Receptor modified T cells.
  • 725
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Role of Biomarkers in LACC Treatment
Locally advanced colon cancer (LACC) is defined as primary stage T4 colon cancer with direct invasion of surrounding organs or extensive regional lymph node (LN) involvement. Cancer-related biomarkers are beneficial for early detection of cancer and the prediction of prognosis, survival, and treatment response. Colon cancer is a multifactorial malignant disease. Tumor size and its microscopic features, such as the level of aggressiveness; tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification; and lymphatic and venous invasion, have been utilized as fundamental biomarkers for the prediction of prognosis and treatment of colon cancer.
  • 725
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Methodology for Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer
As lung cancer has the highest cancer-specific mortality rates worldwide, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to detect early-stage tumors and to monitor their response to the therapy. In addition to the well-established tissue biopsy analysis, liquid-biopsy-based assays may evolve as an important diagnostic tool. The analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is the most established method, followed by other methods such as the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • 725
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cannabidiol (CBD)
Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotropic component of cannabis, is receiving growing attention as a potential anticancer agent. CBD suppresses the development of cancer in both in vitro (cancer cell culture) and in vivo (xenografts in immunodeficient mice) models. There is utterly need for the development of novel CBD formulations in a combination with synergic traditional anticancer drugs, using nanocarriers to improve the CBD biavailability in preclinicala and clinical trials.  
  • 724
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Male Breast Cancer
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease. Genetic factors predispose to male breast cancer. Germline and/or genetic and/or epigenetic alterations at the somatic level identify a subset of male breast cancer that could differ from female breast cancer (FBC). 
  • 724
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Proteases and HPV-Induced Carcinogenesis
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted disease with high prevalence worldwide. Although most HPV infections do not lead to cancer, some HPV types are correlated with the majority of cervical cancers and with some anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Moreover, enzymes known as proteases play an essential role in the pathogenic process in HPV-induced carcinogenesis.
  • 724
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Comparative Oncology in Canine and Human Prostate Cancer
Dogs are the only species other than man that spontaneously develop prostate cancer. In humans, prostate cancer is initially regulated by the steroid hormone receptor - the androgen receptor, which mediates the effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Hence, human patients with disseminated or advanced prostate cancer are treated with androgen deprivation therapy alone or together with treatment that targets the androgen receptor, which is initially effective, but patients eventually become resistant to these treatments. Unlike humans, dogs are castrated at a young age, and hence may be good models of advanced prostate cancer in patients who are resistant to initially androgen deprivation. The various current therapies and compares and contrasts their benefits are discussed. 
  • 724
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial ROS1
The clinical efficacy of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody cetuximab for oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) is low. We previously reported that an increased oncogenic ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) is responsible for the invasiveness and metastasis of OSCC. This study demonstrates for the first time that ROS1, a receptor tyrosine kinase, can localize to mitochondria. Mitochondrial ROS1 in the highly invasive OSCC promotes mitochondrial fission, enhances mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production but reduces mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings highlight the novel function of ROS1 in mitochondrial morphogenesis and metabolic adaptation to promote OSCC invasiveness.
  • 723
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Oral Mucositis Induced by Chemoradiotherapy
Oral mucositis, a severe non-hematological complication, can be induced by chemoradiotherapy. It is associated with severe local dysfunction, severely affecting the patient’s quality of life; it increases the risk of oral infections and interrupts oncological treatment, thus prolonging the duration and cost of hospitalization.
  • 723
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Novel Treatments for Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumour in childhood, accounting for approximately 15% of all cancer-related deaths in the paediatric population. The overall survival of children with high-risk diseases is around 40–50% despite the aggressive treatment protocols. There is an ongoing research effort to increase NB's cellular and molecular biology knowledge to translate essential findings into novel treatment strategies.
  • 722
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
DNA Karyometry for Automated Detection of Cancer Cells
Cancers have to be microscopically established before they can be treated adequately. This can be performed on cell and/or tissue samples. 
  • 722
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Radiation Therapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SAbR) is a safe and effective local therapy for renal cell cancer (RCC) with emerging and evolving indications. SAbR has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in providing local control to both primary and metastatic RCC by using ablative radiation doses. SAbR can be integrated with other local and systemic therapies to provide optimal management of RCC patients.
  • 722
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
New Immunotherapy Approaches in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) continues to be the most diagnosed tumor in women and a very heterogeneous disease both inter- and intratumoral, mainly given by the variety of molecular profiles with different biological and clinical characteristics. Despite the advancements in early detection and therapeutic strategies, the survival rate is low in patients who develop metastatic disease. Therefore, it is mandatory to explore new approaches to achieve better responses.
  • 722
  • 27 Mar 2023
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