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Topic Review
Biological Cancer Therapies
Biological cancer therapy involves treatment with natural molecules made by the body or made in a laboratory. These therapies either help the immune system fight the cancer or attack the cancer directly. These include treatment with monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer, gene therapy, treatment with cytokines, cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, immunoconjugates and the use of targeted therapy.
  • 737
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fluorescent Anti-CEA Antibodies and Cancers
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed in over 80% of colorectal cancers as well as lung, breast, pancreatic, gallbladder, bladder, ovarian and gastric cancer. Antibodies to CEA conjugated to a near-infrared dye have been studied to help detect, resect and treat a variety of GI cancers. This review covers all the near-infrared anti-CEA antibodies used in mouse models and clinical trials since 1990. 
  • 737
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cannabidiol (CBD)
Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotropic component of cannabis, is receiving growing attention as a potential anticancer agent. CBD suppresses the development of cancer in both in vitro (cancer cell culture) and in vivo (xenografts in immunodeficient mice) models. There is utterly need for the development of novel CBD formulations in a combination with synergic traditional anticancer drugs, using nanocarriers to improve the CBD biavailability in preclinicala and clinical trials.  
  • 737
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lactic Acid Suppresses Anti-Cancer Immunity
Lactic acid is no longer considered a waste product of the Warburg effect. Lactic acid in the TME is responsible for suppressing anticancer immunity. A number of recent studies provide evidence explaining how lactic acid impedes immune cell functions. In this section, we summarize its role in 1) inhibiting immune cell proliferation and survival; 2) inducing immune cell de-differentiation; and 3) signaling of downstream processes (Figure).
  • 736
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Teneurins
Teneurins have been identified in vertebrates as four different genes (TENM1-4), coding for membrane proteins that are mainly involved in embryonic and neuronal development. 
  • 736
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pseudogene Transcripts in Head/Neck Cancer
Once considered nonfunctional, pseudogene transcripts are now known to provide valuable information for cancer susceptibility, including head and neck cancer (HNC), a serious health problem worldwide, with about 50% unimproved overall survival over the last decades. The present review focuses on the role of pseudogene transcripts involved in HNC risk and prognosis. Our study can guide new research to HNC understanding and development of new target therapies.
  • 736
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Inflammation in Carcinogenesis
More and more data indicate the participation of inflammation in carcinogenesis, as evidenced by the formation of neoplasms at the site of infection, irritation, or chronic inflammation. In the tumor microenvironment, apart from neoplastic cells, the presence of immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, growth factors, pro-angiogenic factors, as well as cytokines and chemokines has been demonstrated. Components within the tumor may predispose to the neutralization of malignant tumor cells, but as a result of oncogenic evolution, transformed cells may escape from the control of the immune system and then antitumor activity is suppressed. If the elimination of tumor cells by the immune system is no longer possible, cells and factors forming the tumor microenvironment can help tumor cells to survive and avoid apoptosis, induce angiogenesis, as well as stimulate metastasis. Intensive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which is enhanced by immune cells infiltrating the inflammatory focus, may damage normal tissues and, consequently, initiate compensatory cell proliferation. These processes can lead to the duplication and accumulation of DNA damage, gene mutations and the stimulation of internal and external carcinogens. DNA damage can also be caused by cytokines, for example interleukins 22 (IL-22), which activates the response to abnormal DNA by regulating the expression of numerous genes.
  • 736
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapy for Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is a deadly disease with worldwide prevalence that is often diagnosed at late stages. About two-thirds of patients in Western countries will present with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC). When patients are diagnosed with LAGC, they frequently undergo surgery and perioperative chemotherapy. However, the most effective multimodality treatment regimen for LAGC has yet to be determined. In aiming to improve outcomes, current trials are examining immunotherapies and targeted therapies based on a growing understanding of the unique molecular characteristics and subtypes of LAGC.
  • 736
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Brain Metastases
Brain Metastases means tumor cell seeding into the central nervous system, mostly localized in the brain parenchyma, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the dura, and the bone structures of the skull, is a frequent complication of advanced cancer. In addition to reduced life span, brain metastases (BM) frequently cause focal neurological deficits, cognitive impairment, and significant life quality reduction.
  • 735
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Hepatobiliary Cancers
Hepatobiliary cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), are lethal cancers with limited therapeutic options. Curative-intent treatment typically involves surgery, yet recurrence is common and many patients present with advanced disease not amenable to an operation. Immunotherapy represents a promising approach to improve outcomes, but the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of the liver characteristic of hepatobiliary cancers has hampered the development and implementation of this therapeutic approach. Current immunotherapies under investigation include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), the adoptive transfer of immune cells, bispecific antibodies, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) are two ICIs that have demonstrated utility in HCC, and newer immune checkpoint targets are being tested in clinical trials.
  • 735
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Male Breast Cancer
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease. Genetic factors predispose to male breast cancer. Germline and/or genetic and/or epigenetic alterations at the somatic level identify a subset of male breast cancer that could differ from female breast cancer (FBC). 
  • 735
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor, often occurring in children and adolescents. The etiology of most patients is unclear, and the conventional treatment methods are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical resection. However, the sensitivity of osteosarcoma to radiotherapy and chemotherapy is low, and the prognosis is poor. The development of new and useful treatment strategies for improving patient survival is an urgent need. It has been found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) affects tumor angiogenesis, invasion, etc.
  • 735
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Metformin and Resveratrol in Glioblastoma Treatment
Glioblastoma’s poor prognosis calls for the discovery of newer, more efficacious management and treatment methods. Metformin and resveratrol exert anticancer effects on major metabolic pathways in glioblastoma cells, resulting in reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, and reduced tumor growth and volume. The shown effects suggest that metformin and resveratrol can potentially aid in treating glioblastoma.
  • 735
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Homologous Recombination Deficiency and Prostate Cancer
Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is a term describing tumor phenotypes in which the ability to repair DNA double-strand breaks utilizing the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway is lost. Lately, precision medicine has been focusing on targetable mutations, although their frequency in tumors may be very low. The most notable mutations that can be targeted in PCa include gene products that regulate DNA repair through homologous recombination (HR), such as BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, PALB2, CHEK2 and HOXB13.
  • 735
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Modulation of Epigenetic Pathways of BRCAness
Epigenetics refers to heritable factors that influence cellular phenotypes other than DNA sequence, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and gene silencing by non-coding RNAs. Inhibitors of the first two of these mechanisms have been linked to the induction of BRCAness.
  • 734
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Isothiocyanates and Its Impacts on Female-Specific Cancers
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), specifically sulforaphane, benzyl isothiocyanate, and phenethyl isothiocyanate, have shown an intriguing potential to actively contribute to cancer cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, epigenetic alterations, and modulation of autophagy and cancer stem cells in female-specific cancers.
  • 734
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Potential Mechanisms of Cancer-Related Hypercoagulability
The association between cancer and thrombosis has been known for over a century and a half. However, the mechanisms that underlie this correlation are not fully characterized. Hypercoagulability in cancer patients can be classified into two main categories: Type I and Type II. Type I occurs when the balance of endogenous heparin production and degradation is disturbed, with increased degradation of endogenous heparin by tumor-secreted heparanase. Type II hypercoagulability includes all the other etiologies, with factors related to the patient, the tumor, and/or the treatment. Patients with poor performance status are at higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Tumors can result in VTE through direct pressure on blood vessels, resulting in stasis. Several medications for cancer are correlated with a high risk of thrombosis. These include hormonal therapy (e.g., tamoxifen), chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin, thalidomide and asparaginase), molecular targeted therapy (e.g., lenvatinib, osimertinib), and anti-angiogenesis monoclonal antibodies (e.g., bevacizumab and ramucirumab). 
  • 733
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Radiation Therapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SAbR) is a safe and effective local therapy for renal cell cancer (RCC) with emerging and evolving indications. SAbR has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in providing local control to both primary and metastatic RCC by using ablative radiation doses. SAbR can be integrated with other local and systemic therapies to provide optimal management of RCC patients.
  • 733
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cellular Function of STRNs and the STRIPAK Complex
Striatins (STRNs) are generally considered to be cytoplasmic proteins, with lower expression observed in the nucleus and at cell–cell contact regions. Together with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), STRNs form the core region of striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes through the coiled-coil region of STRN proteins, which is crucial for substrate recruitment. STRNs and the constituent members of the STRIPAK complex have been found to regulate several cellular functions, such as cell cycle control, cell growth, and motility.
  • 732
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Novel FGFR4-Targeting Single-Domain Antibodies
FGFR4, member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor family, is a promising therapeutic target for rhabdomyosarcoma, the most frequent pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. FGFR4 single domain Antibodies specific for FGFR4 were selected, characterized, and showed promising results against rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines as single agents, as targeting moieties for liposomes, and as antigen binding domain in Chimeric Antigen Receptor modified T cells.
  • 731
  • 24 Nov 2020
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