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Topic Review
The Microbiome and Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors due to the absence of biomarkers for early-stage detection and poor response to therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
CAD/CAM in dentistry
CAD/CAM stands for computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. It is applied in different branches of engineering, science or even art as a rapid prototyping method for accelerating the design process and smoothening its transition into manufacturing.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
HDL in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
HDL are the first defensive barrier against the burden of high LDL cholesterol levels owing to their contribution to reverse cholesterol transport as well as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. 
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic Polymers for Microfluidic Sorting
Magnetophoresis offers many advantages for manipulating magnetic targets in microsystems. The integration of micro-flux concentrators and micro-magnets allows achieving large field gradients and therefore large reachable magnetic forces. However, the associated fabrication techniques are often complex and costly, and besides, they put specific constraints on the geometries. Magnetic composite polymers provide a promising alternative in terms of simplicity and fabrication costs, and they open new perspectives for the microstructuring, design, and integration of magnetic functions.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
L-Asparaginase-Based Biosensors
L-asparaginase (ASNase) is an aminohydrolase enzyme widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Although currently its main applications are focused on the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acrylamide reduction in starch-rich foods cooked at temperatures above 100 °C, its use as a biosensor in the detection and monitoring of L-asparagine levels is of high relevance. ASNase-based biosensors are a promising and innovative technology, mostly based on colorimetric detection since the mechanism of action of ASNase is the catalysis of the L-asparagine hydrolysis, which releases L-aspartic acid and ammonium ions, promoting a medium pH value change followed by color variation. ASNase biosensing systems prove their potential for L-asparagine monitoring in ALL patients, along with L-asparagine concentration analysis in foods, due to their simplicity and fast response. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Smart and Sustainable Cities (SSC)
The concept of SC, which was launched about 20 years ago, significantly influenced the city managers and paved the way for the transformation of cities to achieve their sustainability. More than 40 definitions and 30 conceptual models were proposed to clarify the term “smart city” that differ from each other due to the different perspectives and approaches developed for its modeling and design. Many SC definitions emphasize the use of ICT to effectively combine resources to make the city more interconnected, smart and viable, while some other sustainability oriented definitions focus on combining soft infrastructure (i.e., people, knowledge, communities, business processes, etc.) and the hard infrastructure (i.e., ICTs, buildings, city facilities, etc.) to provide a viable, efficient and sustainable city. In the latter case, the term SSC is often used instead of the term SC. Reference considers a smart (sustainable) city as an innovative city that exploits ICTs and other means, with the purpose of improving the quality of life, the efficiency of urban services and operation and competitiveness, while ensuring the needs of present and future generations regarding economic, social and environmental aspects. The improvement of the quality of life and the economy, the development of efficient urban infrastructure, ensuring social inclusion, sustainable management and conservation of natural resources and ensuring good governance are the main goals of SC. According to the conceptual model of, the SC ecosystem consists of six dimensions, which are: (i) smart economy, (ii) smart governance, (iii) smart environment, (iv) smart people, (v) smart mobility and (vi) smart living.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cilia and Skeletal Muscle
Cilia are comprised of microtubule bundles organised into an axoneme and anchored by a mature centriole or basal body. Primary cilia are dynamic signalling platforms that are intimately involved in cellular responses to their extracellular milieu. Cilia on fibroblasts/fibro–adipogenic progenitors and myofibroblasts may influence cell fate in both a cell autonomous and non-autonomous manner with critical consequences for skeletal muscle ageing and repair in response to injury and disease.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mathematics Problems Solving
Mathematics problems solving (MPS) has been considered for decades as the centre of mathematics teaching, as it demonstrates the ability to analyse, understand, reason and apply. At the same time, it is also considered to be specific content when highlighting it as a basic competence that students should acquire.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Bird Displacement by Wind Turbines
Wind turbines can affect bird populations by causing mortality when birds collide with turbine blades or displacement when the individuals move permanently to other areas. While mortality is well documented, displacement has only been studied more extensively in the last decade, and it is important to summarise the current knowledge and research trends. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Calcium and Glutathione
Extracellular glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) can modulate the function of the extracellular calcium sensing receptor (CaSR). The CaSR has a binding pocket in the extracellular domain of CaSR large enough to bind either GSH or GSSG, as well as the derivatives L-cysteine glutathione disulfide (CySSG) and the compound cysteinyl glutathione (CysGSH). CySSG occurs naturally in the circulation and may be the preferred ligand for modulation of CaSR.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
A Development Strategy of a Low-Density Territory
Montesinho Natural Park is one of the largest Portuguese natural protected areas, presenting good biodiversity and a cultural heritage with a strong connection to the territory and its people. It constitutes a low-density territory, characterized by a human and social landscape based on community practices, such as joint aid and the community use of goods and means of agricultural production, which have contributed to the construction of the “transmontana” identity and to the richness of the habitats. The promotion of the sustainable development of this low-density rural region demands the understanding of its specificities and an appropriate approach to grasp its challenges and develop effective management tools, allowing to preserve and exploit the region’s potential from various perspectives. 
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Enzyme Crosslinking Approaches for Bone Tissue Engineering
Crosslinking strategies have been extensively explored in order to design novel hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Lately, the fabrication of hydrogels with the help of enzyme-mediated crosslinking approaches has been extensively explored. This approach has resulted in promising outcomes with convincing prospects. Enzymes are required in minimal quantity and are very efficient in their actions, as they increase the reaction rate without being expended during the course of the reaction process. The efficiency of an enzyme is defined by the number of substrate molecules converted into products per unit of enzyme, which is also known as turnover number (k cat). The high efficiency of enzyme-based reactions comes from the precise specificity, which ensures the conversion of a particular type of substrate to products. Many enzymes have been explored in order to prepare biomimetic hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. The details of every enzyme-based crosslinking approach are discussed in the following sections.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tesla Turbine
The Tesla turbine is a bladeless centripetal flow turbine patented by Nikola Tesla in 1913. It is referred to as a bladeless turbine. The Tesla turbine is also known as the boundary-layer turbine, cohesion-type turbine, and Prandtl-layer turbine (after Ludwig Prandtl) because it uses the boundary-layer effect and not a fluid impinging upon the blades as in a conventional turbine. Bioengineering researchers have referred to it as a multiple-disk centrifugal pump. One of Tesla's desires for implementation of this turbine was for geothermal power, which was described in Our Future Motive Power.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Quantify Heat Stress Response in Farm Animals
Non-invasive methods of detecting heat stress magnitude for livestock is gaining momentum in the context of global climate change. The concept of a non-invasive approach to assess heat stress primarily looks into behavioral and physiological responses which can be monitored without any human interference or additional stress on the animal. Bioclimatic thermal indices can be considered as the least invasive approach to assess and/or predict the level of heat stress in livestock. Assessing these responses can prove beneficial to quantifying heat stress and thereby enforcing suitable amelioration and mitigation strategies. There are a number of approaches to quantify heat stress, which in the current scenario with increasing animal welfare concern, can be considered as invasive and non-invasive approaches.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
DC-DC Converters for Solar Photo Voltaic
The DC microgrid contains renewable energy sources and a hybrid energy storage unit. The role and performance of versatile DC-DC converters in AC/DC and Hybrid microgrid applications, especially when solar (photo voltaic) PV is the major source.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Biography
Jürgen Ehlers
Jürgen Ehlers (German: [ˈjʏʁɡŋ̩ ˈeːlɐs]; 29 December 1929 – 20 May 2008) was a German physicist who contributed to the understanding of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. From graduate and postgraduate work in Pascual Jordan's relativity research group at Hamburg University, he held various posts as a lecturer and, later, as a professor before joining the Max Planck Inst
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Emotional Dysregulation
Emotional dysregulation is a term used in the mental health community that refers to emotional responses that are poorly modulated and do not lie within the accepted range of emotive response. Emotional dysregulation can be associated with an experience of early psychological trauma, brain injury, or chronic maltreatment (such as child abuse, child neglect, or institutional neglect/abuse), and associated disorders such as reactive attachment disorder. Emotional dysregulation may be present in people with psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. In such cases as borderline personality disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder, hypersensitivity to emotional stimuli causes a slower return to a normal emotional state. This is manifested biologically by deficits in the frontal cortices of the brain. Possible manifestations of emotional dysregulation include extreme tearfulness, angry outbursts or behavioral outbursts such as destroying or throwing objects, aggression towards self or others, and threats to kill oneself. Emotional dysregulation can lead to behavioral problems and can interfere with a person's social interactions and relationships at home, in school, or at place of employment.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Biography
Walter Kaufmann
Walter Kaufmann (June 5, 1871 – January 1, 1947) was a Germany physicist. He is best known for the first experimental proof of the velocity dependence of mass, which was an important contribution to the development of modern physics, including special relativity. Of Jewish descent,[1] in 1890/91 Kaufmann studied mechanical engineering at the technical universities of Berlin and Munich. From
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Conservation in South African Indigenous Goat Ecotypes
Goats were amongst the first livestock to be domesticated more than 10,000 years ago for their meat, milk, skin, and fiber. They were introduced to Southern Africa by migrating nations from Central Africa to the south. Due to local adaptation to the different agro-ecological zones and selection, indigenous goats are identified as ecotypes within the indigenous veld goat breed. Their ability to thrive in a resource-limited production system and in challenging environmental conditions makes them valuable animal resources for small-scale and emerging farmers. They play important roles in household agriculture and cultural activities as well as in poverty alleviation. 
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Tumor cells recruit and remodel various types of stromal and inflammatory cells to form a tumor microenvironment (TME), which encompasses cellular and molecular entities, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), immune cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), immune checkpoint molecules and cytokines that promote cancer cell growth, as well as their drug resistance. HCC usually arises in the context of cirrhosis, which is always associated with an enrichment of activated fibroblasts that are owed to chronic inflammation. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Feb 2023
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