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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Working Definition of Fake News
Current literature on fake news is rather abundant and mainly focused on history, variety, and types, rather than processes. This review draws on current literature to build a working definition of fake news focused on its present relevance to journalism and political communication contemporary debate, distinguishing it from non-pertinent conceptual varieties and contributing to a much-needed clarification on the subject. We performed a qualitative analysis of the literature published between 2016 and 2020. Data were extracted from Web of Science and Scopus. We define fake news as a type of online disinformation with misleading and/or false statements that may or may not be associated with real events, intentionally designed to mislead and/or manipulate a specific or imagined public through the appearance of a news format with an opportunistic structure (title, image, content) to attract the reader’s attention in order to obtain more clicks and shares and, therefore, greater advertising revenue and/or ideological gain. 
  • 2.1K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Women of Color
Women of color (singular: woman of color, sometimes abbreviated as WOC) is a phrase used to describe female non-whites. The political term "women of color" surfaced in the violence against women movement. In the late seventies it unified all women experiencing multiple layers of marginalization with race or ethnicity as a common issue.
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lifestyle
In the realm of social science, lifestyle encompasses the array of behaviors, habits, values, and preferences that characterize an individual or a group within a specific cultural and social context. It serves as a central concept for sociological analysis, providing insights into the ways individuals construct and express their identities, engage with societal norms, and navigate the intricate web of social relationships. The study of lifestyle in social science sheds light on the reciprocal influence between personal choices and broader societal structures, contributing to a nuanced understanding of human behavior within the fabric of society.
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nomos
Nomos, within the field of sociology, denotes the intricate framework of norms, rules, and cultural conventions that govern and regulate social behavior within a given society. It encompasses both formal and informal mechanisms of social control, reflecting the collective values, beliefs, and customs of a community. Nomos is dynamic, evolving over time in response to societal changes, yet integral to the maintenance of social order and the perpetuation of cultural continuity.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Social Capital
Social capital refers to the inherent value embedded in social relationships and networks. It encompasses the trust, reciprocity, and shared norms that facilitate cooperation and collaboration within a community or society. This concept underscores the importance of social connections in fostering collective well-being, economic development, and the overall functioning of human societies.
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Gentrification
Gentrification is a socio-economic process characterized by the influx of affluent residents and investment in previously marginalized urban areas, resulting in rising property values, displacement of lower-income residents, and shifts in the neighborhood's cultural and demographic makeup. This phenomenon often stems from urban revitalization efforts, leading to debates surrounding social equity, housing affordability, and community identity preservation.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Secularization
Secularization is a complex sociological concept that denotes the diminishing influence and significance of religious beliefs and institutions in various aspects of society, such as politics, education, and culture. It involves the gradual shift away from a society where religious values and institutions play a central role in shaping public life to one where secular or non-religious principles increasingly guide social norms and institutions. This process is often characterized by the declining importance of religious authority, rituals, and practices in the face of the rise of secular ideologies and institutions.
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Person-Centered Care: Learning from the Evolution of Mental Health Care
A health care approach that involves service users in decisions concerning their own health. It considers service users’ beliefs, values, support system, and experiences in co-creating an action plan to address their distinct health care goal [this is de novo based on diverse publications about person-centered care].
  • 2.1K
  • 10 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Crip Theory
Disability studies is an academic discipline that examines the meaning, nature, and consequences of disability. Initially, the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability", where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body, while disability was considered a social construct. This premise gave rise to two distinct models of disability: the social and medical models of disability. In 1999 the social model was universally accepted as the model preferred by the field. However, in recent years, the division between the social and medical models has been challenged. Additionally, there has been an increased focus on interdisciplinary research. For example, recent investigations suggest using "cross-sectional markers of stratification" may help provide new insights on the non-random distribution of risk factors capable of acerbating disablement processes.[clarification needed] Disability studies courses include work in disability history, theory, legislation, policy, ethics, and the arts. However, students are taught to focus on the lived experiences of individuals with disabilities in practical terms. The field is focused on increasing individuals with disabilities access to civil rights and improving their quality of life. Disability studies emerged in the 1980s primarily in the US, the UK, and Canada. In 1986, the Section[clarification needed] for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability of the Social Science Association (United States) was renamed the Society for Disability Studies. The first US disabilities studies program emerged in 1994, at Syracuse University. The first edition of the Disabilities Studies Reader (one of the first collections of academic papers related to disability studies) was published in 1997. The field grew rapidly over the next ten years. In 2005, the Modern Language Association established disability studies as a "division of study". While Disability Studies primarily emerged in the US, the UK and Canada, disability studies were also conducted in other countries through different lens. For instance Germany, looks at Queer Disability Studies since the beginning of the early 20th century. The Disability Studies in Germany are influenced by the written literary works of feminist sexologist who study how being disabled affects one's sexuality and ability to feel pleasure. In Norway, Disability Studies are focused in the literary context. A variation emerged in 2017 with the first Accessibility Studies program at Central Washington Univeristy with an interdisciplinary focus on social justice, universal design and international Web Accessibility Guidelines (WAG3) as a general education knowledge base.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nuances of Emirati Identity
Identity, as a complex and multifaceted concept, has been a subject of exploration among various sociologists and theorists. Dual-identity Emiratis have long been a topic of discussion and introspection within Emirati communities. 
  • 2.1K
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biosociology
Biosociology is an emerging discipline that needs to be well understood and presents many challenges. This research approach shares biological and sociological theories and concepts. However, for many sociologists, the use of biology in the social domain reminds them of fascism or social darwinism. Therefore, biosociology needs to move away from these misinterpretations and focus on generating new methods and perspectives that will move the discipline forward.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Food Waste Management
Feeding the people sustainably continues to be a challenge in the present times. Enormous amounts of food wastage aggravate this problem. In developing countries, food wastage primarily occurs within the supply chain. Lack of technological infrastructure in these countries causes significant post-harvest loss. While research shows that developments in food supply chains can reduce food wastage, no systematic research has been done so far to show the possible relationship between the use of technology and food loss.
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy
Social acceptance of renewable energy is the attitude of the local population of a given territory to accept the presence, installation or expansion of plants, projects and processes for the production of energy from renewable sources (RES) such as geothermal, sun, wind and biomass. It differs from the generally favorable predisposition of a population towards RES in places far from their homes: indeed, social acceptance of local RES can hinder the development of renewable energy projects, even for a population whose general acceptance of RES is relatively high. 
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Media
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the usage of social media by the world's general population, celebrities, world leaders, and professionals. Social networking services have been used to spread information, and to find humour and distraction from the pandemic via Internet memes. Social media has seen a sharp increase in use during the pandemic, largely due to social distancing measures encouraged by many governments. Since many people are asked to remain home, they have turned to social media to maintain their relationships and to access entertainment to pass the time. Moreover, social distancing has forced lifestyle changes for many people, which can put a strain on mental health. Therefore, many online counselling services that use social media have surfaced and begun to rise in popularity, connecting mental health workers with those who need them.
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Green Public Procurement
Green Public Procurement (GPP) became an efficient instrument to achieve the objectives of environmental policy expressed by the European Commission in its Communications. At the same time, it must be addressed by the public authorities as a complex process, in which all purchased goods and services must integrate perfectly into an entire puzzle-like system of legislation, the construction field, innovation, healthcare, food, and education.
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Independent Labour Party
The Independent Labour Party (ILP) was a British political party of the left, established in 1893, when the Liberals appeared reluctant to endorse working-class candidates, representing the interests of the majority. A sitting independent MP and prominent union organiser, Keir Hardie, became its first chairman. The party was positioned to the left of Ramsay MacDonald’s Labour Representation Committee, which was founded in 1900 and soon renamed the Labour Party, and to which the ILP was affiliated from 1906 to 1932. In 1947, the organisation's three parliamentary representatives defected to the Labour Party, and the organisation rejoined Labour as Independent Labour Publications in 1975.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Character Mask
The concept of a character mask refers to the persona or facade that individuals adopt to conceal their true thoughts, feelings, or identity in social interactions. This mask serves as a protective mechanism to manage impressions, conform to social norms, or maintain privacy, often resulting in a discrepancy between individuals' public presentation and inner selves. Character masks can vary in complexity and authenticity, influencing individuals' behavior, communication, and interpersonal relationships.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Rural Livelihood Climate Vulnerability
Rural livelihood vulnerability to climate change impacts is one of the major policy challenges for sustainable development. Rural socio-economic systems are different from urban and peri-urban systems because of high dependence on climate sensitive natural resources for livelihood practices, access to which is significantly influenced by context-specific socio-cultural and political properties. Rural livelihood vulnerability, therefore, needs to be understood considering both climatic and non-climatic factors. By articulating the Vulnerability Assessment (VA) Framework and the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (SRL) Framework into a shared conceptual framing, this entry defines the rural livelihood vulnerability and outlines its assessment process. In so doing, the framing borrows three vulnerability components (i.e., exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity) for its structural outline and derives analytical variables from the SRL framework.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Homosociality
Homosociality refers to the tendency for individuals to form social bonds and affiliations primarily with others of the same gender. This phenomenon is characterized by the preference for same-gender relationships in social interaction, affiliation, and bonding, often resulting in the formation of gender-segregated social networks and communities. Homosociality plays a significant role in shaping interpersonal relationships, group dynamics, and socialization processes within various contexts, including workplaces, educational settings, and leisure activities.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Postmodernity
Postmodernity, a complex and multidimensional concept within social theory, denotes a cultural, intellectual, and societal shift characterized by a departure from modernist ideals. It challenges the grand narratives and metanarratives of modernism, emphasizing fragmentation, ambiguity, and the rejection of absolute truths. Postmodernity encompasses diverse perspectives and rejects overarching certainties, embracing a more fluid and context-dependent understanding of reality.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Jan 2024
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