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Topic Review
Habitus
In sociology, habitus refers to the set of deeply ingrained habits, dispositions, and cultural norms that individuals acquire through socialization and experience within their social environment. Developed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, habitus shapes individuals' perceptions, behaviors, and social interactions, influencing their tastes, preferences, and social positioning within society. It operates unconsciously, guiding individuals' actions and choices in ways that are often taken for granted but reflect their social background and position.
  • 994
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Urban Land Expansion
At the county level, this entry investigated the relationship between urban land and regional economic development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in China. The interaction effects were quantitatively investigated. The spatial effects decomposition was used to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors on the scales of urban land through direct effect, spillover effect and total effect. It is an important finding that average wages are the most prominent among the spatial spillovers.
  • 989
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Social Change
Social change refers to the transformation of societal structures, institutions, and behaviors over time. It involves shifts in values, norms, and practices that impact the way individuals and groups interact, ultimately influencing the broader dynamics of a society. Social change can result from various factors, including technological advancements, cultural evolution, political movements, and economic developments.
  • 987
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cultural Capital
Cultural capital is a sociological concept introduced by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. It refers to the cultural assets and knowledge that an individual possesses, which can be used to gain social advantages and achieve upward mobility within a particular society. Cultural capital encompasses various forms of cultural knowledge, skills, education, and tastes that are valued by a particular social group.
  • 972
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Social Network Analysis (Criminology)
Social network analysis in criminology views social relationships in terms of network theory, consisting of nodes (representing individual actors within the network) and ties (which represent relationships between the individuals, such as offender movement, co-offenders, crime groups, etc.) These networks are often depicted in a social network diagram, where nodes are represented as points and ties are represented as lines.
  • 971
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lifestyle
In the realm of social science, lifestyle encompasses the array of behaviors, habits, values, and preferences that characterize an individual or a group within a specific cultural and social context. It serves as a central concept for sociological analysis, providing insights into the ways individuals construct and express their identities, engage with societal norms, and navigate the intricate web of social relationships. The study of lifestyle in social science sheds light on the reciprocal influence between personal choices and broader societal structures, contributing to a nuanced understanding of human behavior within the fabric of society.
  • 964
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Job Crafting
Job crafting has been a focal research topic in job design literature since the early 2000s. Employees’ initiated job crafting behavior (e.g., seeking resources and seeking challenges) has been positively linked to employee health, job attitude (e.g., job satisfaction), well-being (e.g., work engagement), and performance (for meta-analytic reviews ). It also brings substantial benefits for organizations, such as a higher level of group and organizational performance. Accordingly, increasing research has investigated various ways to stimulate employees’ job crafting behavior. In this respect, cumulative evidence has shown that job characteristics and personal traits are important factors that influence employee job crafting (for reviews). For example, proactive personality, self-efficacy, regulatory focus, job autonomy, and job resources were positively related to employee job crafting.
  • 961
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Culture
Culture is the collective expression of a community's identity and represents the sum of its members' shared experiences. It encompasses both tangible and intangible elements, ranging from material artifacts and technology to language, rituals, and social norms. As a pervasive force, culture influences individual behaviors, shapes societal structures, and contributes to the diversity of human societies.
  • 952
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Norm
Norms are concepts (sentences) of practical import, oriented to effecting an action, rather than conceptual abstractions that describe, explain, and express. Normative sentences imply "ought-to" types of statements and assertions, in distinction to sentences that provide "is" types of statements and assertions. Common normative sentences include commands, permissions, and prohibitions; common normative abstract concepts include sincerity, justification, and honesty. A popular account of norms describes them as reasons to take action, to believe, and to feel.
  • 942
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Successful Aging
Successful aging (American English) or successful ageing (British English) refers to physical, mental and social well-being in older age. The concept of successful aging can be traced back to the 1950s, and was popularized in the 1980s. It reflects changing view on aging in Western countries, where a stigma associated with old age (see ageism) has led to considering older people as a burden on society. Consequently, in the past most of the scientists have been focusing on negative aspects of aging or preventing the decline of youth. Research on successful aging, however, acknowledges the fact that there is a growing number of older adults functioning at a high level and contributing to the society. Scientists working in this area seek to define what differentiates successful from usual aging in order to design effective strategies and medical interventions to protect health and well-being from aging. Some researchers in aging studies are critical of the very term "successful aging" as it implies failure on the part of those who do not meet arbitrary criteria derived from neoliberal and/or biomedical definitions.
  • 929
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Water Resilience
Analyze from a holistic and comprehensive perspective the water resource in the water cycle context and its relationships in the various environments for the strategic approach to resilience as a way to sustainability.
  • 927
  • 03 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Walking and Cycling
Walking and cycling are not only frequently-utilized modes of transport but also a popular component of people’s daily physical activity. As two alternatives to motorized travel modes such as private driving, walking and cycling can effectively reduce transport costs and, at the same time, mitigate traffic congestion induced by the explosion of motorized transport [1]. 
  • 926
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Open Diary
Open Diary (often abbreviated as "OD") is an online diary community, an early example of social networking software. It was founded on October 22, 1998. Open Diary went offline on February 7, 2014, but was re-launched on January 26, 2018. The site was owned and operated by Bruce Ableson and Susan Ableson, known on the Open Diary website by the title of their diaries, The DiaryMaster and The DiaryMistress. Ableson has described Open Diary as "the first web site that brought online diary writers together into a community." Open Diary has hosted more than five million diaries since it was founded, and was home to over half a million diaries. As of October 2008, there were over 561,000 diaries on OpenDiary.com, including diaries from 77 different countries and all 7 continents. The site innovated some key features that later became central to the architecture of other social networking and blogging sites, including reader comments and friends-only privacy.
  • 922
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Family
A "family" is a social unit consisting of individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption. It is a fundamental institution in society, providing emotional support, companionship, and a sense of belonging. Families typically share common living arrangements and work together to meet the physical, emotional, and financial needs of their members. The structure and dynamics of families can vary widely across cultures and societies.
  • 920
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Transport Energy Usage in Cities
Energy usage in cities is intertwined with its spatial configuration — the denser and more compact the city, the more concentrated and efficient the energy usage is to be expected. This entry compares spatial configuration with energy usage for person transport by cars, where energy usage is defined as a product of the variables traffic speed and traffic volume.
  • 913
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Visualize sustainability
       The debate on definitions of sustainability and sustainable development continues is alive and well after fifty years.  What the debate reveals is that there are multiple perspectives, ideologies and projections involved, and that these concepts of hybrid ones.  This hybridity is also reflected in the long tradition of representing these concepts, as triangles, circles, systems diagrams and living organisms, among others.  In the same way that the definitions of sustainability and sustainable development have been organized by typology, these representations can also be grouped according to similar features, characteristics and etiologies.  A typology of visual representations of these concepts is important for two reasons.  The first is that it supports reflexive processes in education and communication.  The second is that it reveals the complexity and hybridity of these contested concepts.
  • 906
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Organizational Retaliatory Behavior
Organizational retaliatory behavior (ORB) is a form of workplace deviance. ORB is defined in the bottom up sense as an employee's reacting against a perceived injustice from their employer. ORB is also a top down issue occurring when an employee speaks out or acts in an unfavorable way against the employer. The International Journal of Conflict Management divides ORB into four different conceptual indicators: rule breaking, level or work behavior, affective commitment, and turnover intention. All of these are forms of workplace deviance.
  • 906
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Diabetic Foot
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). The prevalence of diabetic foot in the world is about 6%, and it is estimated that approximately one out of every six diabetic individuals will experience a foot ulcer in their life. In those individuals, DFU increases mortality and morbidity as well as the risk of going through amputation. Patients with DFU, especially if it does not heal or recurs, report poor quality of life (QoL). DFU is associated with frequent hospitalization and rising costs of treatment. DFU pathophysiology is due to neuropathy, trauma, and peripheral artery occlusive disease (Peripheral neuropathy, including both sensory and motor fibers as well as autonomic nerve fibers, is often an underdiagnosed complication in patients with diabetes.
  • 899
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Rationalization
Rationalization, in the realm of social science, refers to the process by which individuals or organizations seek to justify and legitimize their actions, decisions, or beliefs through logical reasoning or systematic planning. This concept, prominently associated with Max Weber's sociological theories, suggests that rationalization leads to the increased application of calculative and efficient means in various aspects of human life, ultimately influencing the organization of social structures and institutions. It involves the substitution of traditional, emotional, or value-based considerations with rational, objective, and methodical approaches, shaping the modernization and bureaucratization of societies.
  • 891
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Collective Behavior
Collective behavior refers to the spontaneous and unstructured actions of individuals within a group or society. Unlike more predictable forms of behavior guided by established norms and institutions, collective behavior emerges when people respond to a situation or event in ways that are often unplanned and can be unconventional.
  • 889
  • 25 Jan 2024
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