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Topic Review
Prion Diseases
Prion diseases are progressive and transmissive neurodegenerative diseases. The conformational conversion of normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into abnormal pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) is critical for its infection and pathogenesis.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Endocannabinoid System
Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS), constituting a complex signaling system that subserves multiple modes of synaptic transmission modulation. It is expressed at some synapses in all brain regions that are important for the processing of anxiety, fear and stress [1].
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Neuropathic Pain and Rehabilitation
Neuropathic pain is an injury or disease of the central and/or peripheral somatosensory nervous system, and it has a significant impact on quality of life, especially since it is often refractory to treatment. Rehabilitative intervention is considered in various guidelines on neuropathic pain treatment, although not in an organic nor detailed way.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cortical Hyperexcitability in the Driver’s Seat in ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by the degeneration of cortical and spinal motor neurons. With no effective treatment available to date, patients face progressive paralysis and eventually succumb to the disease due to respiratory failure within only a few years. Intriguingly, a key feature present in both ALS patients and rodent models of the disease is cortical hyperexcitability and hyperconnectivity, the mechanisms of which still remain incompletely understood. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Skin Biopsy in Peripheral Neuropathies
Skin biopsy is a minimally invasive technique with the advantage, compared to sural nerve biopsy, of being suitable to be applied to any site in our body, of being repeatable over time, of allowing the identification of each population of nerve fiber through its target. In patients with symptoms and signs of small fiber neuropathy the assessment of IntraEpidermal Nerve Fiber density is the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis while the quantification of sudomotor, pilomotor, and vasomotor nerve fibers allows to evaluate and characterize the autonomic involvement. All these parameters can be re-evaluated over time to monitor the disease process and to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments. Myelinated fibers and their receptors can also be evaluated to detect a "dying back" neuropathy early when nerve conduction study is still normal. Furthermore, the morphometry of dermal myelinated fibers has provided new insight into pathophysiological mechanisms of different types of inherited and acquired large fibers neuropathies. In genetic neuropathies skin biopsy has become a surrogate for sural nerve biopsy, no longer necessary in the diagnostic process, to study genotype–phenotype correlations. 
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Dopamine Receptor
Dopaminergic receptors (DR)  including D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, which are members of the G-protein coupled receptor family.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Neuropathic Pain in Elderly
Neuropathic pain due to a lesion or a disease of the somatosensory system often affects older people presenting several comorbidities. Moreover, elderly patients are often poly-medicated, hospitalized and treated in a nursing home with a growing risk of drug interaction and recurrent hospitalization.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Tau-Based Fluid Biomarker Diagnostics
Despite continued efforts, there remain no disease-modifying drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA) to combat the global epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease. Currently approved medicines are unable to delay disease progression and are limited to symptomatic treatment. It is well established that the pathophysiology of this disease remains clinically silent for decades prior to symptomatic clinical decline. Identifying those at risk of disease progression could allow for effective treatment whilst the therapeutic window remains open for preservation of quality of life.  This review aims to evaluate critically the current advances in the interpretation of tau-based biomarkers and their use to provide insights into the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, whilst highlighting important future directions for the field
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Autophagy in Alzheimer’s Disease
Aging and the emergence of age-associated illnesses are one of the major challenges of our present society. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is closely associated with aging and is defined by increasing memory loss and severe dementia. Currently, there are no therapy options available that halt AD progression. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Factors Influencing Human Microbiota
The human microbiota embodies the whole population of microorganisms present in the human body and is mainly represented by the gut microbiota. Factors influencing the composition and activity of the gut microbiota can alter the balance that exists between the host and the microbiota by compromising its functions. 
  • 1.0K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease
A quick overview of some of the characterisitics of AD, etiology and potential treatment strategies, beyond the amyloid hypothesis.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cerebral Metabolic Dysfunction after SAH
Cerebral metabolic dysfunction has been shown to extensively mediate the pathophysiology of brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). 
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Apelinergic System in Brain Diseases
Apelin, a peptide initially isolated from bovine stomach extract, is an endogenous ligand for the Apelin Receptor (APLNR). Subsequently, a second peptide, ELABELA, that can bind to the receptor has been identified. The Apelin receptor and its endogenous ligands are widely distributed in mammalian organs. A growing body of evidence suggests that this system participates in various signalling cascades that can regulate cell proliferation, blood pressure, fluid homeostasis, feeding behaviour, and pituitary hormone release. Additional research has been done to elucidate the system’s potential role in neurogenesis, the pathophysiology of Glioblastoma multiforme, and the protective effects of apelin peptides on some neurological and psychiatric disorders-ischemic stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease. Mounting evidence suggests that the apelinergic system is a prominent player in the pathogenesis of different neuronal and mental diseases, such as stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s, among others.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Genetics of Primary Familial Brain Calcification
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), also known as Fahr’s disease, is a rare inherited disorder characterized by bilateral calcification in the basal ganglia according to neuroimaging. Other brain regions, such as the thalamus, cerebellum, and subcortical white matter, can also be affected. Among the diverse clinical phenotypes, the most common manifestations are movement disorders, cognitive deficits, and psychiatric disturbances. Although patients with PFBC always exhibit brain calcification, nearly one-third of cases remain clinically asymptomatic.
  • 997
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
General Characteristics of Exendin-4
Exendin-4 (Ex-4), better known in its synthetic form and used clinically as exenatide, applied in the treatment of diabetes, induces a beneficial impact on nerve cells, and shows promising effects in obstructive lung diseases.
  • 990
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Polysaccharide in Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders
The prevalence of neurodegenerative pathologies increases significantly with growing life expectancy. Neurodegenerative diseases including common diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) impose a global public health burden. In this context, natural products could play a leading role in the search for new drugs for the treatment of neurodegeneration. Of note, more than 80 percent of drugs are of natural origin. Natural polysaccharides (general formula of Cx(H2O)y; where x is number 200_2500) occurs naturally in living matter (on the contrary to polysaccharides combined artificially in the process of organic synthesis) and principally play structural and storage functions. Natural polysaccharides can be classified according to their origin, namely plants (e.g., starch, cellulose), algae (e.g., agar, alginates), animals (e.g., chitin, hyaluronic acid), bacteria (e.g., dextran, polylactosamine), and fungal (e.g., chitosan, elsinan). As one of the most widely distributed biomolecules in nature, natural polysaccharides have received considerable attention because of their diverse pharmacological activity as inhibitors of cellular processes, with their antioxidant, anticoagulant, antithrombotic and anticancer effects.
  • 973
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Botulinumtoxin A for Post-herpetic neuralgia
Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a very painful neuropathic condition, which occurs after nerve injury (e.g., demyelination, loss of axons, small-fiber-degeneration, reorganization in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and neuroplastic central changes) due to herpes-zoster-virus infection and is defined as a local neuropathic pain lasting for more than three months following the initial acute zoster infection.  Adjunctive local BoNT A injection is a promising option for severe PHN, as a safe and effective therapy in long-term management for chronic neuropathic pain.
  • 970
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Syncope
Syncope is a common yet complex presenting symptom and requires thoughtful and efficient evaluation to determine its etiology. Estimates indicate that one-half of all Americans will experience loss of consciousness during their lives, with recurrence rates as high as 13.5%. The incidence of syncope is roughly bimodal, with a peak in late adolescence to early adulthood, typically vasovagal in origin, and a second peak in older age, with a sharp rise after age 70 years.
  • 968
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Stress, Anxiety and Depression
Stress, anxiety and depressive disorders are often characterized by the activation of the stress axis, which results in similar symptoms at some point in these disorders. These disorders are closely related to each other—they occur simultaneously or follow one another. The diagnosis of stress, anxiety and depression is not a perfect procedure currently—it is based on patient observation and an interview with the patient and their family. There are no laboratory tests that would dispel the doubts of the doctor making the diagnosis and allow the appropriate treatment to be implemented as soon as possible. Therefore, this study will review the components of saliva that could be helpful in the quick diagnosis of stress, anxiety and/or depression. Such potential salivary biomarkers could also be useful in monitoring the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment prescribed by a psychiatrist. The following are promising salivary biomarkers of stress, anxiety or depression: cortisol, immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lysozyme, melatonin, α-amylase (sAA), chromogranin A (CgA) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). 
  • 965
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Antithrombotic Therapy in the Prevention of Stroke
 Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability throughout the world. Antithrombotic therapy, which includes both antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents, is a primary medication of choice for the secondary prevention of stroke. However, the choices vary with the need to incorporate evolving, newer information into the clinical scenario. There is also the need to factor in co-morbid medical conditions as well as the cost ramifications for a particular patient as well as compliance with the regimen. 
  • 965
  • 12 Jan 2022
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