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Topic Review
Katana (Rocket Engine)
Masten Space Systems was an aerospace manufacturer startup company in Mojave, California (formerly in Santa Clara, California) that is developing a line of vertical takeoff, vertical landing (VTVL) rockets, initially for uncrewed research sub-orbital spaceflights and eventually intended to support robotic orbital spaceflight launches. In 2020, NASA awarded Masten a contract for a lunar lander mission; NASA is to pay Masten US$75.9 million for Masten to build and launch a lander called XL-1 to take NASA and other customer payloads to the south pole of the Moon. Masten Mission One will be Masten's first space flight; it is scheduled for launch in November 2023. The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on 28 July 2022. The company would later be purchased by Astrobotic Technology on 11 September 2022.
  • 834
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Smart Sensing for Aeronautical Applications
Smart sensing for aeronautical applications is a multidisciplinary process that involves the development of various sensor elements and advancements in the nanomaterials field. The expansion of research has fueled the development of commercial and military aircrafts in the aeronautical field. Optical technology is one of the supporting pillars for this, as well as the fact that the unique high-tech qualities of aircrafts align with sustainability criteria.
  • 822
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Fatigue and Workload Settings in Flight Operations
Conducting flight operations at the pace of air traffic relies on shift work, overtime work, work at night, work in different and numerous time zones, and unbalanced flight crew schedules. Such working hours and workload settings can cause disturbances of the circadian rhythm and sleep disorders among flight crew members; this can result in fatigue and can have an impact on the safety of flight operations. Fatigue impacts many cognitive abilities such as vigilance, memory, spatial orientation, learning, problem solving, and decision making. In aviation, fatigue has been identified as a hazard to the safety of flight operations.
  • 800
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Satellite Constellations in Internet of Things
Artificial satellites serve various functions, such as communications, Earth observation, navigation, and global positioning. A satellite constellation is a group of satellites working together under centralized control to achieve a common objective. Positioned in complementary orbital planes and connected to global ground stations, these constellations aim to provide interconnected network capabilities for IoT communications. IoT communication satellites must effectively manage data frame repetitions, involving the capability to receive, process, and retransmit data from IoT devices operating in conditions of deficient coverage. IoT satellites prioritize compact form factors, simplicity, and scalability, aiming to support low-data-rate applications efficiently.
  • 777
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Life Cycle Cost Model for Life Support Systems
Intelligent transport systems are used in various transport systems, among which a special place is occupied by crewed autonomous transport systems such as space stations for deep space habitation. These objects have a complex and critical requirement for life support systems (LSSs) to maintain safe and habitable conditions for the crew in the isolated environment. The use of life cycle costing models in the early stages of design makes it possible, on the one hand, to ensure that investments are reliable and pay off in the long term, and on the other hand, to identify all potential design problems at an early stage before they become more serious, resulting in cost savings and improved overall productivity.
  • 771
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Strengthening and Toughening of Micro-Heterogeneous Configurations of Reinforcements
In response to the growing demand for high-strength and high-toughness materials in industries such as aerospace and automotive, there is a need for metal matrix composites (MMCs) that can simultaneously increase strength and toughness. The mechanical properties of MMCs depend not only on the content of reinforcing elements, but also on the architecture of the composite (shape, size, and spatial distribution). 
  • 769
  • 06 Sep 2023
Biography
Barys Kit
Boris Uladzimiravich Kit (Belarusian: Бары́с Уладзімеравіч Кіт, Russian: Бори́с Влади́мирович Кит; April 6, 1910 – February 1, 2018) was a Belarusian-American rocket scientist. Kit was born on April 6, 1910 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire to the family of an employee at the Post and Telegraph Department of Belarusian origin. His true surname i
  • 758
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Implementing and Testing a U-Space System
One of the main goals of the Labyrinth project was to develop and test the path planning algorithms that supported the conflict resolution services of a U-space-based Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) system. To test these services in real scenarios, a UTM prototype was developed. The U-space concept of operations (ConOps) provides a high-level description of the architecture, requirements and functionalities of these systems, but the implementer has a certain degree of freedom in aspects like the techniques used or some policies and procedures.
  • 754
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
List of Thor and Delta Launches (1960–69)
Between 1960 and 1969, there were 314 Thor missiles launched, of which 272 were successful, giving an 86.6% success rate.
  • 750
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Aircraft Wings and Morphing–Evolution of the Concepts
This encyclopedia entry provides an updated appreciation of the evolution of morphing aircraft wings, organized as follows: first, lift concepts are briefly examined; second, patents related to lift enhancement are discussed, showcasing existing technology and its evolution; finally, several technologies for morphing wings and the role of UAVs as testbeds for many innovative concepts are highlighted. The background of morphing wings is presented through a recap of lift concepts and the presentation of representative patents that describe the evolution of leading-edge and trailing-edge devices, such as flaps, slats, spoilers, and control surfaces. Although these topics are not usually detailed in reviews of morphing wings, they are deemed relevant for this encyclopedia entry.
  • 738
  • 15 Jul 2025
Topic Review
Spare Parts Forecasting and Lumpiness Classification Methods
Safety critical spare parts hold special importance for aviation organizations. However, accurate forecasting of such parts becomes challenging when the data are lumpy or intermittent. Different methods, with varying degrees of success, have been used to forecast lumpy and intermittent demand data. 
  • 728
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Codes
An Atmospheric radiative transfer model, code, or simulator calculates radiative transfer of electromagnetic radiation through a planetary atmosphere, such as the Earth's.
  • 725
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Residual Stresses in Cold Expansion and Fatigue Life
Cold expansion technology has been widely used in aviation industries as an effective method of improving the fatigue performance of fastener holes. It can improve the fatigue life several times over without adding weight, meeting the growing demand for lightweight and durable aircraft structures. In recent years, it has been extensively studied through extensive experiments and finite element simulations to analyze the residual stresses around the fastener hole. Appropriate process parameters lead to the generation of beneficial residual stresses that influence the material microstructure, thereby improving the fatigue life of the component.
  • 724
  • 12 Dec 2023
Biography
John H. Hoffman
John Hoffman is a space scientist who developed instruments for Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17, the Pioneer Venus project, and Giotto mission. He also designed the mass spectrometer for the Phoenix Mars Lander mission in May 2008. He is currently a professor of physics at the University of Texas at Dallas.[1] Hoffman received his bachelor's degree from St. Mary's College in Winona, Minnesota
  • 720
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Long-Term Storage Considerations for Spacecraft Lubricants
Spacecraft mechanisms commonly undergo extended periods of storage, either on-ground, or in-flight and there are an increasing number of missions for which some element of long-term storage may be required.
  • 714
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Traditional Approaches to Aircraft SPHM
Structural prognostics and health management (SPHM), a vital discipline in aerospace engineering, emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring, diagnosis, and prediction of the health of aircraft structural systems. By capturing and analyzing data from a wide array of sensors and monitoring systems, SPHM systems play an instrumental role in facilitating the real-time evaluation of an aircraft’s structural integrity throughout its operational lifespan.
  • 703
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
List of Ariane Launches (2000–2009)
This is a list of launches performed by Ariane carrier rockets between 2000 and 2009. During this period, the Ariane 4 was retired from service in favour of the Ariane 5.
  • 683
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Delta 4 Launches
Delta IV is a group of five expendable launch systems in the Delta rocket family introduced in the early 2000s. Originally designed by Boeing's Defense, Space and Security division for the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program, the Delta IV became a United Launch Alliance (ULA) product in 2006. The Delta IV is primarily a launch vehicle for United States Air Force (USAF) military payloads, but has also been used to launch a number of United States government non-military payloads and a single commercial satellite. The Delta IV originally had two main versions which allowed the family to cover a range of payload sizes and masses: the retired Medium (which had four configurations) and Heavy. As of 2019, only the Heavy remains active, with payloads that would previously fly on Medium moving to either the existing Atlas V or the forthcoming Vulcan. Retirement of the Delta IV is anticipated in 2023. Delta IV vehicles are built in the ULA facility in Decatur, Alabama. Final assembly is completed at the launch site by ULA: at the horizontal integration facility for launches from SLC-37B pad at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and in a similar facility for launches from SLC-6 pad at Vandenberg Air Force Base .
  • 673
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
AAUSAT3
AAUSAT3 is the third CubeSat built and operated by students from the Aalborg University in Denmark . It was launched on 25 February 2013 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in India on a PSLV rocket (number C20). AAUSAT3 carries two AIS receivers as the main payload.
  • 670
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Simulating Flight Crew Workload Settings to Mitigate Fatigue
Fatigue in flight operations can be defined as the result of personal and work-related factors. Personal factors affecting fatigue are related to age, chronotype (morning type, evening type), gender, genetic predisposition, and tolerance towards shift work.
  • 637
  • 13 Nov 2023
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