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Topic Review
Tumor Endothelial Cell
Tumor progression relies on angiogenesis from established normal vasculature to form new tumor blood vessels. Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) in the tumor blood vessels maintain tumor vessel formation through continual angiogenesis. TECs are heterogeneous with a diverse cellular origin. Moreover, the various factors and conditions in the tumor microenvironment elicit specific characteristics in TECs differentiating them from endothelial cells in normal vessels. TECs are the main focus of antiangiogenesis strategies, and their unique features make tumor blood vessels good anti-cancer therapeutic targets.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cocoa/Dark Chocolate and Obesity
Obesity remains a major public health problem due to its increasing prevalence and the role it plays in contributing to the occurrence of chronic disease. Natural products have become common as adjunct therapeutic agents for treating obesity and preventing metabolic diseases. Cocoa and its products are a rich source of polyphenols are commonly consumed worldwide and recently received attention in the management of obesity.  This entry also depicts the relation between cocoa polyphenols and dark chocolate and obesity.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Teacher Agency
Teacher agency plays a critical role in sustaining early career teachers’ professional development. Teachers who are of proactive agency can stay true to themselves in seeking career development. Teachers who exercise proactive agency are more likely to regard themselves as a member of “a meaningful profession”, rather than doing “just a job” (p. 149). Teacher agency strengthens the teachers’ commitment to develop themselves as teachers. To provide implications for early career teachers’ professional development, it is essential to explore what shapes teachers’ enactment of agency, including resistance, ambivalence, and proactivity, and to examine the intricate relationship between teacher agency and identity commitment.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Education for Environmental Citizenship
Environmental citizenship and environmental education are a particularly special field for the symbolic and practical clashes of competing ideas, interests, and organizations. Smederevac-Lalic et al. explain that formal, informal, and non-formal education are mediators of other types of knowledge and that the perceptions and interests of participants in the three organizational forms also express different intentions and aspirations.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Formwork System Selection in Building Construction Projects
The formwork system (FWS) gives the geometry and strength required by the reinforced concrete (RC) structure to attain the desired form and structural design properties of the cured concrete.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mount Polley Tailings Spill
The Mount Polley tailings spill occurred in the Cariboo region of central British Columbia, Canada . The spill began 4 August 2014 with a breach of the Imperial Metals-owned Mount Polley copper, gold and silver mine tailings pond, releasing its water and slurry with years worth of mining waste into Polley Lake. The spill flooded Polley Lake, creating a plug at Hazeltine Creek, and continued into nearby Quesnel Lake and Cariboo River. By 8 August the four-square-kilometre (1.5 sq mi) sized tailings pond had been emptied of the majority of supernatant (process water) that sits atop the settled crushed rock solids (mining waste, or 'tailings'). The cause of the dam breach and subsequent tailings spill has been investigated with a final report published 31 January 2015. Imperial Metals had a history of operating the pond beyond capacity since at least 2011. Remediation and reconstruction has been underway at the site since 2014. These efforts have included investigation on impacts to human health and safety and affected ecosystems while removing the tailings spill, reconstructing creek shorelines, installing fish habitats, and replanting trees and other local vegetation. Investigation by the remediation team showed elevated levels of selenium, arsenic and other metals consistent with historical tests before the dam breach. These initial reports had been concerned about the chemical impact of the tailings spill on the surrounding environment, but it was determined through subsequent investigation and remediation that the challenge posed by tailings spill was physical in nature.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Struthiosaurinae
Struthiosaurinae is a subfamily of ankylosaurian dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Europe. It is defined as "the most inclusive clade containing Europelta but not the North American Cedarpelta, Peloroplites, Sauropelta or Edmontonia" while being reinstated for a newly recognized clade of basal nodosaurids. Struthiosaurinae appeared at about exactly the same time as the North American subfamily Nodosaurinae. Struthiosaurines range all across the Cretaceous, the oldest genus being Europelta at an age of 112 Ma and the youngest being Struthiosaurus at about 85–66 Ma. It was originally mentioned by Franz Nopcsa in 1923 as a subfamily of Acanthopholidae, along with the previously defined Acanthopholinae. The family has gone through many taxonomic revisions since it was defined by Nopcsa in 1902. It is now recognized as a junior synonym of the family Nodosauridae. The subfamily now includes the genera Anoplosaurus, Europelta, Hungarosaurus, and Struthiosaurus, designated as the type genus. Because of the instability of Acanthopholis, the generic namesake of Acanthopholinae, and its current identification as a nomen dubium, Struthiosaurinae, the next named group, was decidedly used over the older one. A review of ankylosaur osteoderms was published in 2000, and reviewed the armour of Struthiosaurinae. The group was represented by the single genus Struthiosaurus, known from head, cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal scutes. Only a few head osteoderms were identified, so it is unknown how much of the skull was armoured. Many cervical and dorsal scutes have been preserved alongside species of Struthiosaurus. They include cervical bands, which are groups of osteoderms fused together and attached to the vertebrae, and large spines found on the shoulders of nodosaurids like Sauropelta and Edmontonia, although it is not known if the spines were fused like the later of separate like the former. It is quite possible that small ovoid scutes found on Struthiosaurus could have formed a pelvic shield like polacanthids. The caudal scutes of struthiosaurines are small and rough. Even though osteoderms are well-known, it is not certain where they were positioned on the body.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Exclusion Clause
An exclusion clause is a term in a contract that seeks to restrict the rights of the parties to the contract. Traditionally, the district courts have sought to limit the operation of exclusion clauses. In addition to numerous common law rules limiting their operation, in England and Wales Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 applies to all contracts, but the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, unlike the common law rules, do differentiate between contracts between businesses and contracts between business and consumer, so the law seems to explicitly recognize the greater possibility of exploitation of the consumer by businesses.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Adventitious Root Formation in Plants
Adventitious root formation is defined as the formation of new roots on above-ground plant parts and is considered crucial for the survival of a plant under harsh environmental conditions (i.e., flooding, salt stress, and other abiotic stresses) as well as in the nursery industry. Clonal propagation is based on the ability of a plant part to grow and generate a completely new plant, genetically identical to the mother plant, where the plant part came from.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Rusty Grain Beetle
Cryptolestes ferrugineus, the rusty grain beetle, is a cosmopolitan pest that has adapted to cool and warm climates due to its unique biology, ecology, and behavior. The rusty grain beetle is a pest of high economic importance; hence, understanding their biology, ecology, and behavior could be useful in designing effective management strategies.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Triple Overlap Syndrome (OSAHS-COPD-CHF)
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are independently linked to an increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Only a few studies have been published linking the association between overlap syndrome and congestive heart failure (CHF). It is becoming increasingly clear through research that there is a strong connection between OSA, COPD, and CHF. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D—Innate and Acquired Immunity
Globally, vitamin D deficiency is a significant public health problem—a pandemic—that has overtaken iron deficiency as the most common nutritional deficiency in the world. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with many chronic diseases and increases the risk of acute and worsened chronic infections. Both vitamin D and [25(OH]D: calcifediol) and its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D: calcitriol], play critical roles in protecting humans from invasive pathogens, reducing risks of autoimmunity, and maintaining better health. Conversely, low 25(OH)D status increases susceptibility to infections and developing autoimmunity. Individuals obtain optimal results by maintaining serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) (above 40 ng/mL in the population): this also minimizes community outbreaks and autoimmune disorders. In over 97.5% of people, this can be achieved through daily sun exposure (except in countries far from the equator during winter) or taking between 5,000 and 8,000 IU vitamin D supplements daily (average, ~70 to 90 IU/kg body weight). Only those with gastrointestinal malabsorption, obesity, or on medications that increase catabolism of vitamin D, and a few specific disorders require higher intake.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Columba
Columba, Latin for "dove," is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. First introduced by Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, it represents the dove released by Noah from the ark in the biblical story of the Great Flood. Despite its small size, Columba contains several notable celestial objects, including the famous globular cluster NGC 1851 and various open star clusters, making it an intriguing target for astronomers and stargazers alike.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Modularisation in Construction and Precast Building Systems
Modular precast construction is a methodological approach to reduce environmental impacts and increase productivity when building with concrete. Constructions are segmented into similar precast concrete elements, prefabricated with integrated quality control, and assembled just-in-sequence on site. Due to the automatised prefabrication, inaccuracies are minimised and the use of high-performance materials is enabled. 
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Metal Doped PVA Films
Polyvinyl alcohol is unique among polymers. Apart from its preparation, it is not built up in polymerization reactions from monomers, unlike most vinyl-polymers, and it is biodegradable in the presence of suitably acclimated microorganisms.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Citrus Pruning in the Mediterranean Climate
Pruning is a common practice in citrus for various reasons. These include controlling and shaping the canopy; improving phytosanitary health, productivity, and fruit quality; and facilitating operations such as harvesting and phytosanitary treatments. Because pruning is an expensive operation, its need is sometimes questioned. However, it has been proven to be particularly important in Mediterranean citriculture, which is oriented towards producing fruits for a high-quality demanding fresh market.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Wi-Fi
Indoor positioning poses a number of challenges as several effects, such as signal attenuation, signal fluctuations, interference, and multipath occur in signal propagation. The severity depends on the method and technology adopted to perform user localization. Wi-Fi is a popular method because of its ubiquity with already available public and private infrastructure in many environments and the ability for mobile clients, such as smartphones, to receive these signals.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Enteroviruses
Enteroviruses (EV) are a group of positive-sense RNA viruses that belong to Picornaviridae. Most of the infections caused by EV are asymptomatic. However, EV can cause serious infections such as neurological and cardiac infections. Different chronic diseases have been linked to EVs, as causative agents, such as dilated cardiomyopathy and type 1 diabetes. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial microRNAs
Mitochondrial microRNAs (mitomiRs) are endogenous small, single-stranded molecules of noncoding RNA (19–23 nucleotides) present in mitochondria that represent a new level of control of gene expression. These sequences can be either encoded in the nuclei - however the importing mechanism is still not fully established - or may be originated straight inside mitochondria, from mitochondrial genome-derived mRNA. Undeniably, mitomiRs typically act by regulating gene expression inside mitochondria at the post-transcriptional level with a significant role both in physiology and in pathology. Unveiling mitochondrial microRNAs biological function and their targets will propel the development of innovative therapeutic and diagnostic tools.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Barnase-Barstar Pair in Cancer Research and Nanotechnology
Barnase is an extracellular ribonuclease secreted by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens that was originally studied as a small stable enzyme with robust folding. The identification of barnase intracellular inhibitor barstar led to the discovery of an incredibly strong protein-protein interaction. Together, barnase and barstar provide a fully genetically encoded toxin-antitoxin pair having an extremely low dissociation constant. Moreover, compared to other dimerization systems, the barnase-barstar module provides the exact one-to-one ratio of the complex components and possesses high stability of each component in a complex and high solubility in aqueous solutions without self-aggregation. The unique properties of barnase and barstar allow the application of this pair for the engineering of different variants of targeted anticancer compounds and cytotoxic supramolecular complexes. Using barnase in suicide gene therapy has also found its niche in anticancer therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Nov 2021
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