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Topic Review
HMGB1 in Cutaneous Melanoma
High-mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that plays a key role in acute and chronic inflammation. HMGB1 is closely associated with cell survival and proliferation and may be directly involved in tumor cell metastasis development thanks to its ability to promote cell migration. HMGB1 is closely associated with cell survival and proliferation and may be directly involved in tumor cell metastasis development thanks to its ability to promote cell migration. 
  • 774
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Pediatric Gliomas
pLGGs or glioneuronal tumors (WHO grade 1 or 2) are highly heterogeneous entities. The most common single entity is pilocytic astrocytoma (0.91/100.000 patients age 0 to 19 years), followed by ganglioglioma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET), and Grade 2 diffuse gliomas. High-grade gliomas of childhood are a histologically less heterogenic group of tumors with lower incidence compared to pLGGs (age-adjusted incidence, 0–19 years of age, is 0.26/100.000 without DIPGs). pHGGs consist of Grade 3 tumors like anaplastic astrocytomas (0.1/100.000 patients age 0 to 19 years) and anaplastic gangliogliomas, and Grade 4 tumors include GBM (0.18/100.000 patients age 0 to 19 years), DIPG (80% of brain stem tumors, which accounts for 15% of all CNS tumors), and gliomatosis cerebri, which is a highly infiltrative, special manifestation of HGG affecting multiple brain regions, not regarded as a separate subgroup any more.
  • 773
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
IAPs in Cancer
The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins has emerged as a potential pharmacological target in cancer. Abnormal expression of IAPs can lead to dysregulated cell suicide, promoting the development of different pathologies. In several cancer types, members of this protein family are overexpressed while their natural antagonist (Smac) appears to be downregulated, contributing to the acquisition of resistance to traditional therapy. 
  • 773
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ascorbate in Cancer Therapy
Cancer is a disease of high mortality, and its prevalence has increased steadily in the last few years. Ascorbate (ascorbic acid or vitamin C) is a potent water-soluble antioxidant that is produced in most mammals but is not synthesised endogenously in humans, which lack enzymes for its synthesis. Ascorbate has antioxidant effects that correspond closely to the dose administered. Interestingly, this natural antioxidant induces oxidative stress when given intravenously at a high dose, a paradoxical effect due to its interactions with iron. Importantly, this deleterious property of ascorbate can result in increased cell death. Although, historically, ascorbate has been reported to exhibit anti-tumour properties, this effect has been questioned due to the lack of available mechanistic detail. Recently, new evidence has emerged implicating ferroptosis in several types of oxidative stress-mediated cell death, such as those associated with ischemia–reperfusion. This effect could be positively modulated by the interaction of iron and high ascorbate dosing, particularly in cell systems having a high mitotic index. In addition, it has been reported that ascorbate may behave as an adjuvant of favourable anti-tumour effects in cancer therapies such as radiotherapy, radio-chemotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or even in monotherapy, as it facilitates tumour cell death through the generation of reactive oxygen species and ferroptosis.
  • 773
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Tumor Immune Escape
The gut microbiota is a large symbiotic community of anaerobic and facultative aerobic bacteria inhabiting the human intestinal tract, and its activities significantly affect human health. Increasing evidence has suggested that the gut microbiome plays an important role in tumor-related immune regulation. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), the gut microbiome and its metabolites affect the differentiation and function of immune cells regulating the immune evasion of tumors. The gut microbiome can indirectly influence individual responses to various classical tumor immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and adoptive immunotherapy. Microbial regulation through antibiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) optimize the composition of the gut microbiome, improving the efficacy of immunotherapy and bringing a new perspective and hope for tumor treatment. 
  • 772
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Utilizing Cytomegalovirus T Cells in Adoptive Cell Therapy
Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is highly prevalent in the general population and largely controlled by CD8pos T cells. Intriguingly, anti-CMV T cells accumulate over time to extraordinarily high numbers, are frequently present as tumor-resident ‘bystander’ T cells, and remain functional in cancer patients. Consequently, various strategies for redirecting anti-CMV CD8pos T cells to eliminate cancer cells are currently being developed. This includes conveying the advantageous characteristics of anti-CMV T cells in adoptive cell therapy. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) were transduced into anti-CMV CD8pos T cells to improve the in vivo persistence of CAR/TCR-engineered T cells. Moreover, anti-CMV T cells were activated ex vivo, expanded, and reinfused into glioblastoma patients to directly target CMV peptide epitopes expressed in a subset of glioblastomas.
  • 772
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
N6-methyladenosine Modification of Noncoding RNAs
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification remains the most pivotal epigenetic modification on RNA. It is well-known that m6A not only affects physiological processes but is also involved in carcinoma. Noncoding RNAs play an indispensable role in the occurrence and development of carcinoma.
  • 772
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNA in Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Cancers
A conservative estimate suggests that almost 1.4 million of malignancies are associated with oncogenic viruses, including the hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, human T lymphotropic virus type 1, human papillomaviruses, and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). The oncogenic properties of these viruses are directly related to their ability to activate processes needed for cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and immune evasion. Among these viruses, EBV, formerly designated as the human herpesvirus type 4 (HHV-4), is a y-herpesvirus containing a linear, double-stranded DNA genome of ~172 kilobase pairs (kbp), encoding nearly 80 proteins and 46 functional small untranslated RNAs. The genetic material of EBV is enclosed in an icosahedral nucleocapsid surrounded by the viral tegument and lipid-containing outer envelope. EBV is transmitted through oral contact, particularly in the early years of life, usually without causing disease. EBV can also be transmitted through organ transplantation and blood transfusion. The life cycle of EBV primarily involves the infection of lymphocytes and potentially epithelial cells. Although EBV often exists as an asymptomatic infection, it is involved in the development of about 1.5% of all cancers worldwide. In fact, EBV was the first virus to have been directly associated with cancer in humans. EBV-associated neoplasms affect both immune-competent and immunocompromised hosts, including, for example, some organ transplant recipients. Immune dysregulation and genetic susceptibility are probable co-factors in most, if not all, EBV-associated cancers.
  • 771
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Forkhead Box Proteins in AML
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are a group of transcriptional factors implicated in different cellular functions such as differentiation, proliferation and senescence. A growing number of studies have focused on the relationship between FOX proteins and cancers, particularly hematological neoplasms such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). FOX proteins are widely involved in AML biology, including leukemogenesis, relapse and drug sensitivity. Here we explore the role of FOX transcription factors in the major AML entities, according to “The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia”, and in the context of the most recurrent gene mutations identified in this heterogeneous disease.
  • 771
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Timely Palliative Care for Patients with Cancer
Timely palliative care is a systematic process to identify patients with high supportive care needs and to refer these individuals to specialist palliative care in a timely manner based on standardized referral criteria.
  • 771
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hyperoxia Effects in Cancer
Hyperoxia effects on cancer biology were explored following multiple pathways, using both in vitro cancer cell cultures and in vivo tumoral animal models. Experimental data support clinical evidences demonstrating that hyperoxia, mainly if prolonged, can induce lung injury and cerebral damage, and this can be counteracted by down-modulation of Akt, by low-dose vitamin D or aspirin.
  • 770
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Phytochemicals in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Therapy
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a very aggressive subtype of breast cancer that lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptor expression. TNBC is thought to be produced by Wnt, Notch, TGF-beta, and VEGF pathway activation, which leads to cell invasion and metastasis. To address this, the use of phytochemicals as a therapeutic option for TNBC has been researched. Plants contain natural compounds known as phytochemicals. Curcumin, resveratrol, and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) are phytochemicals that have been found to inhibit the pathways that cause TNBC, but their limited bioavailability and lack of clinical evidence for their use as single therapies pose challenges to the use of these phytochemical therapies. 
  • 770
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
BRCAness as PARP Inhibitors
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. GBMs commonly acquire resistance to standard-of-care therapies. Among the novel means to sensitize GBM to DNA-damaging therapies, a promising strategy is to combine them with inhibitors of the DNA damage repair (DDR) machinery, such as inhibitors for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).
  • 770
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Aspirin and Colorectal Cancer Prevention in Lynch Syndrome
Cancer prevention in the era of precision medicine has to consider integrated therapeutic approaches. Therapeutic cancer prevention should be offered to selected cohorts with increased cancer risk. Undoubtedly, carriers of hereditary cancer syndromes have a well-defined high cancer risk. Lynch Syndrome is one of the most frequent hereditary syndromes; it is mainly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and, in particular, aspirin use, has been associated with reduced CRC risk in several studies, initially with contradictory results; however, longer follow-up confirmed a reduced CRC incidence and mortality. The CAPP2 study recruited 861 Lynch syndrome participants randomly assigned to 600 mg of aspirin versus placebo. Like sporadic CRCs, a significant CRC risk reduction was seen after an extended follow-up, with a median treatment time that was relatively short (2 years). The ongoing CAPP3 will address whether lower doses are equally effective. Based on pharmacology and clinical data on sporadic CRCs, the preventive effect should also be obtained with low-dose aspirin. The leading international guidelines suggest discussing with Lynch syndrome carriers the possibility of using low-dose aspirin for CRC prevention. 
  • 769
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Type I Ribosome Inactivating Protein-Based Targeted Toxins
Targeted toxins (TT) for cancer treatment are a class of hybrid biologic comprised of a targeting domain coupled chemically or genetically to a proteinaceous toxin payload. The targeting domain of the TT recognises and binds to a defined target molecule on the cancer cell surface, thereby delivering the toxin that is then required to internalise to an appropriate intracellular compartment in order to kill the target cancer cell.
  • 769
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Kaposi Sarcoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma is an angioproliferative neoplasm that typically occurs in the lower limbs and can enter into differential diagnosis with several other rarer skin diseases. The principal differential diagnosis concerns primary cutaneous lymphomas, of which mycosis fungoides represent the most frequent primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Other rare forms include primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas, which can be divided into indolent and aggressive forms, such as the primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type, and lymphomatoid papulomatosis (LyP). In the case of indolent lesions, skin-directed therapies, limited-field radiotherapy, and surgical approaches can be good options. At the same time, different management, with systemic chemotherapy and allogenic bone marrow transplant, is required with aggressive neoplasms, such as blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasia or advanced mycosis fungoides. The dermatologist’s role can be crucial in recognizing such diseases and avoiding misdiagnosis, giving the pathologist the correct clinical information for an accurate diagnosis, and starting the suitable therapy.
  • 769
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Intravenous Iron Therapy to Treat Anemia in Oncology
Anemia is a common problem when patients present with cancer, and it can worsen during treatment. Anemia can directly impact the cognitive and physical quality of life and may impair fitness for oncological therapy. The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency. Newer intravenous (IV) iron formulations offer a safe and rapidly effective treatment option. 
  • 769
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Oral Microbiome on Oral Cancer
Oral cancer (OC) is the most common neoplasm in the head and neck region. OCs are defined as cancers of the tongue, the floor of the oral cavity, the lining of the cheeks, the roof of the oral cavity, the gums, and the lips but do not include laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers. The majority of OCs comprise oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The oral microbiome hosts more than 750 common oral species. A healthy microbiome usually consists of Streptococci, Staphylococci, Neisseria species, and about 50 other aerobes. The consensus is that a normal mouth microbiome consists mainly of aerobes, while the percentage of anaerobes increases with OC (and other pathological oral conditions). The connection that exists between microbes and carcinoma is complex and influenced by a number of factors, such as the vulnerability and genetic makeup of the host, as well as environmental conditions, including the host’s dietary regime, oral hygiene, and tobacco and alcohol use.
  • 768
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Related Fatigue
Cancer related fatigue is a common and distressing symptom for patients with cancer during and after primary treatment, and also in the palliative phase of the disease trajectory.
  • 767
  • 26 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Postbiotics metabolism in cancer
Postbiotics are health-promoting microbial metabolites delivered as a functional food or a food supplement. They either directly influence signaling pathways of the body or indirectly manipulate metabolism and the composition of intestinal microflora. Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide and even though the prognosis of patients is improving, it is still poor in the substantial part of the cases. The preventable nature of cancer and the importance of a complex multi-level approach in anticancer therapy motivate the search for novel avenues of establishing the anticancer environment in the human body. This entry summarizes the principal findings demonstrating the usefulness of both natural and synthetic sources of postbotics in the prevention and therapy of cancer. Specifically, the effects of crude cell-free supernatants, the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, lactic acid, hydrogen sulfide, and β-glucans are described. Contradictory roles of postbiotics in healthy and tumor tissues are highlighted.
  • 767
  • 10 May 2021
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