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Topic Review
Nasal Nitric Oxide in Children
Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) is a gas synthesized by the inducible and constitutive NO synthase (NOS) enzyme in the airway cells of the nasal mucosa. Like lung nitric oxide, it is thought to be associated with airway inflammation in various respiratory diseases in children. 
  • 834
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Hearing Loss
In developed countries, congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the most common congenital viral infection, representing the leading non-genetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss (HL). Diagnosis of cCMV infection can be performed by detection of CMV DNA in urine or saliva within 2–3 weeks after birth, or later in dried blood samples on the Guthrie card. There are many controversies regarding the preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches to cCMV infection. HL secondary to cCMV is highly variable in onset, side, degree, audiometric configuration, and threshold changes over time.
  • 826
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Etiopathogenesis of Hypertension with Insulin Resistance in Children
Insulin resistance (IR) is a key component in the etiopathogenesis of hypertension (HS) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The higher risk of developing cardiovascular morbidity in children with a youth-onset Type 2 DM (T2D) is well known. Longitudinal data from the Treatment Options for T2D in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study revealed that in a group of 677 participants with a mean age of 14 ± 2 years the cumulative incidence of HS, LDL-C dyslipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia was 59%, 33%, and 37% respectively and at the end of a mean 10.2 ± 4.5 years follow-up 54% had ≥2 cardiovascular risk factors in addition to T2D.
  • 821
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Biochemical Investigations of Autism Spectrum Disorders
The main biochemical mechanisms proposed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired methylation capacity, and altered amino acid metabolism.
  • 819
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in the Infants' First 1000 Days
The first 1000 days after birth represent a critical window for gut microbiome development, which is essential for immune system maturation and overall health. The gut microbiome undergoes major changes during this period due to shifts in diet and environment. Disruptions to the microbiota early in life can have lasting health effects, including increased risks of inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders, and obesity. Maternal and environmental factors during pregnancy and infancy shape the infant gut microbiota.
  • 817
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Reassuring Adults in Pediatric age
Since the earliest stages of the Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) spread, the elderly has been identified as the most vulnerable and health authorities have rightly focused on that population. Minor attention was paid to pediatric populations and their emotional reactions. Actually, children and adolescents faced severe anxiety, fear and stress conditions. An efficient management of the pandemic, therefore, must take into account the pediatric population which cannot be neglected as a minor matter compared to the elderly, the economy and health care. Since the lockdown time is over, children and adolescents must recover sociality, return to living in the open air, rediscover playing, free time, aiming for the beauty of their everyday life. In order to mitigate the long-term impact of COVID-19, the key response is the reassuring presence of the adult as ‘a secure base’. The current study aimed to collect an overview of the recent references that report evidence on the role of adults in containing pandemic anxiety COVID-19 in pediatric populations, suggesting the need to ensure a reassuring presence of the adult, an effective child-parent communication, a child-friendly day and a long-lasting shared time with parents.
  • 810
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota and Pregnancy
Human bacterial colonization starts during fetal life, in opposition to the previous paradigm of the “sterile womb”. Placenta, amniotic fluid, cord blood and fetal tissues each have their own specific microbiota, influenced by maternal health and habits and having a decisive influence on pregnancy outcome and offspring outcome. The maternal microbiota, especially that colonizing the genital system, starts to influence the outcome of pregnancy already before conception, modulating fertility and the success rate of fertilization, even in the case of assisted reproduction techniques. During the perinatal period, neonatal microbiota seems influenced by delivery mode, drug administration and many other conditions. Special attention must be reserved for early neonatal nutrition, because breastfeeding allows the transmission of a specific and unique lactobiome able to modulate and positively affect the neonatal gut microbiota.
  • 810
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Sequelae of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been shown to not only affect the quality of sleep, but also overall health in general. Untreated or inadequately treated OSA can lead to long-term sequelae involving cardiovascular, endothelial, metabolic, endocrine, neurocognitive, and psychological consequences. The physiological effects of pediatric OSA eventually become pathological. As the complex effects of pediatric OSA are discovered, they must be identified early so that healthcare providers can be better equipped to treat and even prevent them. Ultimately, adequate management of OSA improves overall quality of life.
  • 809
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Posterior Fossa Tumor Rehabilitation
Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of solid tumor mortality in childhood. Tumors of the skull base, such as posterior fossa tumors, were, in the past, associated with a poor prognosis. The evolution of surgical techniques, together with the greater knowledge of the anatomy and phisiology of these diseases and the progress made in diagnostic techniques, now allow treatments that are also curative.
  • 808
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Technologies on Diabetes-Related Comorbidities
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood, with a progressively increasing incidence. T1D management requires lifelong insulin treatment and ongoing health care support. The main goal of treatment is to maintain blood glucose levels as close to the physiological range as possible, particularly to avoid blood glucose fluctuations, which have been linked to morbidity and mortality in patients with T1D. 
  • 801
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Pediatric Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and are associated with high mortality. The most common childhood brain tumors are grouped as low-grade gliomas (LGG), high grade gliomas (HGG), ependymomas, and embryonal tumors, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
  • 799
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Origins of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a cluster of several cardio-metabolic risk factors, specifically visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism, which together increase risks of developing future cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
  • 794
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Role of the Gut–Lung Axis in RTIs
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These infections can range from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe and life-threatening pneumonia. A plethora of studies have described the relationship between gut microbiota (GM) composition and function and the development of various human diseases, focusing especially on the role of GM in regulating the immune system. Although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood, there is mounting evidence that GM can modulate the immune function in distant mucosal sites such as the respiratory system, and therefore play a role in the development of RTIs.
  • 791
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Decrease the Antibiotic Burden Related Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis
The difficulty in recognizing early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) in a timely manner due to non-specific symptoms and the limitations of diagnostic tests, combined with the risk of serious consequences if EONS is not treated in a timely manner, has resulted in a low threshold for starting empirical antibiotic treatment. New guideline strategies, such as the neonatal sepsis calculator, have been proven to reduce the antibiotic burden related to EONS, but lack sensitivity for detecting EONS. 
  • 789
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Nonsynostotic Plagiocephaly
The dissertation, comprising a clinical intervention and three supporting studies, aimed to assess if it is possible to prevent nonsynostotic plagiocephaly while promoting safe infant sleeping practices. Five individuals were trained to assess cranial asymmetry and then reliability-tested; the interpreted results indicate substantial strength of rater-agreement. Intervention participants were allocated to group. Only intervention group nurses participated in the continuing education on plagiocephaly developed for nurses. A survey compared information intervention and control group parents received from nurses; intervention group parents were significantly more aware of recommendations than the control group parents. The nurse education was evaluated by asking intervention and control group nurses and parents two open-ended questions; the intervention group nurses and parents reported new re-positioning strategies. The effect of the intervention on cranial shape was evaluated by assessing asymmetry at 2, 4, and 12 months (176 intervention group; 92 controls). It was nine times more common that cranial asymmetry at two months reversed by four months when parents were aware of written recommendations from their nurse (OR = 9.09 [0.02; 0.48], p = 0.004) when adjusted for group. An infant’s risk of asymmetry persisting until 12 months was significantly reduced in the intervention group (RR = 0.35 [0.13; 0.94], p = 0.03). Preventing brachycephaly was difficult. Conclusions: the assessors were considered reliable; educating nurses promoted the integration of new recommendations in practice; the intervention was associated with early reversal of nonsynostotic plagiocephaly.
  • 785
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Psychotic Episodes in Pregnancy
Psychotic episodes represent one of the most complex manifestations of various mental illnesses, and these encompass a wide variety of clinical manifestations that together lead to high morbidity in the general population. Various mental illnesses are associated with psychotic episodes; in addition, their incidence and prevalence rates have been widely described in the general population, their correct identification and treatment is a challenge for health professionals in relation to pregnancy. In pregnant women, psychotic episodes can be the consequence of the manifestation of a previous psychiatric illness or may begin during the pregnancy itself, placing not only the mother, but also the fetus at risk during the psychotic episode.
  • 780
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fontan System in Univentricular Hearts in Heart Transplantation
The Fontan procedure (FP) is the standard surgical treatment for Univentricular heart diseases. Over time, the Fontan system fails, leading to pathologies such as protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), plastic bronchitis (PB), and heart failure (HF). FP should be considered as a transitional step to the final treatment: heart transplantation (HT). 
  • 779
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microbiomes Associated with the Early Life Development
The human body harbors trillions of microbes of different kinds performing various physiological activities, such as priming the immune system, influencing host metabolism, and improving health by providing important metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. Although the gut is considered the “microbial organ” of our body as it hosts the most microbes, there are microbes present in various other important anatomical locations differing in numbers and type. Research has shown the presence of microbes in utero, sparking a debate on the “sterile womb” concept, and there is much scope for more work in this area. It is important to understand the early-life microbiome colonization, which has a role in the developmental origins of health and disease in later life. 
  • 777
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
In Vivo Organ/Tissue Genome Editing in Newborn Pups
Germline manipulation is based on gene delivery to early embryos, such as fertilized eggs (zygotes), through pronuclear microinjection of nucleic acids, electroporation (EP) in the presence of nucleic acids, or transduction in the presence of viral vectors.
  • 775
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Children's Continuous Infusion of Vancomycin
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of systemic Gram-positive infections, including methicillin resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and methicillin resistant coagulase-negativeStaphylococcus(MRCNS) in adult and pediatric populations. Vancomycin exhibits time-dependent bactericidal activity, meaning that the time in which the concentration of the drug in the body is above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) affects antimicrobial efficacy.
  • 771
  • 10 Aug 2021
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