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Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis in Dental Considerations
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disorder that primarily affects the myeline covering of neurons of the central nervous system. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Oral Cancer Diagnosis
Oral cancer is a malignant condition on the lips or in the oral cavity including the tongue, gingiva, mouth floor, parotid, salivary glands, and throat. More than 90% of oral cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a modern diagnostic tool with great potential to provide rapid, objective and accurate early diagnosis of oral cancer, as well as accurate OSCC grading for better cancer management. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Compromised Teeth Preserve or Extract
Prognosis involves “the prediction of the course or outcome of an existing disease, based on empirical information, as well as the ability to recover from the disease”. In dentistry, the predictive probability of dental mortality is based on the stability of the supporting tissues.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Punica granatum as Anticandidal and Anti-HIV Agent
The oral cavity is crucial from diagnosis to adherence to HAART therapy in the HIV/AIDS population; consequently, drugs that can maintain healthy conditions in the oral cavity are necessary for patients with HIV/AIDS. Punica granatum (pomegranate) is a tree that has been employed extensively for centuries in the traditional medicine of ancient cultures for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including oral and dental diseases. Its potent anticandidal properties have been shown, especially on Candida albicans, the cause of the most common clinical manifestation in HIV patients. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Oral mucositis
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common side effect of cancer therapies. It causes ulcerative, painful lesions in the oral cavity that can provoke malnutrition, increased risk of infection, longer hospital stays, and seriously affect the quality of life. Cooling the mucosa with oral cryotherapy (OC) during and/or after chemotherapy is the most accessible and tolerable intervention available. The aim of this study is to define the efficacy of OC for preventing OM induced by chemotherapy/radiotherapy in adult patients with cancer. Secondary endpoints include associated problems as pain
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
CAD/CAM 3D Printing Dental Materials
Additive manufacturing is a relatively new technology consisting of a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) workflow, which allows the substitution of many materials with digital data. This process requires three fundamental steps represented by the digitalization of an item through a scanner, the editing of the data acquired using a software, and the manufacturing technology to transform the digital data into a final product, respectively.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Innovation in Biomechanical Orthognathic Surgery
Craniofacial surgery is proposed and performed for a variety of reasons, ranging from congenital or acquired malformations to emotional disorders and parafunctions of the masticatory, respiratory, auditory, and visual systems. Surgery of the mandible and its orthostatic repositioning is the most common of these corrections of craniofacial anomalies. Throughout the history of these procedures, various techniques have been proposed and perfected, but always with a high rate of minor and major complications. The recurrence rate of mandibular malposition is high, as is the temporary loss of facial sensitivity and motor skills. These outcomes are often related to the choice of surgical technique rather than the skill of the surgeon, which is considered to be one of the most important factors in the final outcome. Surgical techniques involving direct manipulation of the vascular-nervous bundles, such as bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, clearly present the possibility of major or minor complications.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Implant Fracture
Implants fracture is a rare but possible complication that leads to implants failure after prostheses delivery. Fracture involves the forced separation of the implant neck into two or more parts. Mechanical properties play a key role in the failure of dental implant systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Management of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which comes with several comorbidities, was declared a pandemic in early 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO). Glucocorticoids that are used in severe cases of COVID-19 as therapeutic measures may lead to opportunistic fungal infections in such patients. Mucormycosis is one of these infections and mostly occurs in immune-compromised patients such as those who undergo transplant surgeries. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
Fixed orthodontic appliances consist of archwires, brackets, and ligatures. During treatment, the archwires are ligated into the slot of the bracket. The most commonly used materials from which parts of fixed appliances are manufactured are alloys of stainless steel (SS) and nickel-nitanium (NiTi) because of their advantageous mechanical properties.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Human Saliva for Periodontitis
This pilot study aims to investigate whether salivary small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-associated microRNAs could act as potential biomarkers for periodontal disease status. Twenty-nine participants (10 who were healthy, nine with gingivitis, 10 with stage III/IV periodontitis) were recruited and unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected. Salivary sEVs were isolated using the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method and characterised by morphology, EV-protein and size distribution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western Blot and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), respectively. Ten mature microRNAs (miRNAs) in salivary sEVs and saliva were evaluated using RT-qPCR. The discriminatory power of miRNAs as biomarkers in gingivitis and periodontitis versus healthy controls was evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves. Salivary sEVs were comparable to sEVs morphology, mode, size distribution and particle concentration in healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients. Compared to miRNAs in whole saliva, three significantly increased miRNAs (hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p and hsa-miR-628-5p) were only detected in sEVs in periodontitis when compared to that of healthy controls, with a good discriminatory power (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.96) for periodontitis diagnosis. Our study demonstrated that salivary sEVs are a non-invasive source of miRNAs for periodontitis diagnosis. Three miRNAs that are selectively enriched in sEVs, but not whole saliva, could be potential biomarkers for periodontal disease status.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hepatitis Type B and D in Oral Implications
Periodontitis is characterized by low-grade inflammation of the periodontal tissues, the structures that support and connect the teeth to the maxilla and mandible. This inflammation is caused by the accumulation of subgingival bacterial biofilm and gradually leads to the extensive damage of these tissues and the consequent loss of teeth. Hepatitis B is a major global health concern; infection with the hepatitis B virus causes significant inflammation of the liver and the possibility of its gradual evolution to cirrhosis. Hepatitis D, caused by infection with the delta hepatitis virus, is manifest only in patients already infected with the type B virus in a simultaneous (co-infected) or superimposed (superinfected) manner.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Indications and Contraindications of Buccal Fat Pad Usage
The buccal fat pad, also called the Bichat’s fat pad (BFP), is an encapsulated fat mass located in the cheek. This type of specialized fat mass can be used both as a pedicular or free graft in various surgeries and approaches. Due to its easy access from the oral cavity approach, it is commonly used for oroantral and palatal fistula closure. The BFP is used for multiple purposes in reconstructive and oncology surgery and also has its use in esthetic and facial contouring procedures. The amount, volume, and shape of the BFP are mostly associated with the scope of their usage. 
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Periodontitis
Over 65 components detected in oral fluid have been examined as possible markers for the progression of periodontitis.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Outcomes of Titanium and Zirconia Implant Abutments
The characteristics of the implant prosthetic abutment are an influential factor which may impact early bone remodeling and soft tissue integration. The abutment material influences the response of both the soft and hard tissues surrounding an implant, making the choice of the prosthetic abutment a crucial phase for the success of implant-supported rehabilitations.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Nanoparticles in Dentistry
Interest in the topic of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials used in dentistry is growing in research as well as clinical settings. An increasing number of nanomaterials have been developed and tested, enabling novel solutions unavailable in dentistry before. The shape and size of these particles influences the physicochemical properties of a substance, which in turn impacts their absorption characteristics. Nanomaterials have unique structures and properties that distinguish them from other materials. In the dental field, nanoparticles have a variety of applications, such as nanocomposites, antimicrobial nanomaterials and bio-mineralization systems.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fluoride (NaF) in Dentistry
Fluoride is well known for its use in the treatment of dental caries, either systemically or topically. Fluoride intake (such as in drinking water, fluoridated toothpaste, or fluoride supplements) is the cornerstone to preventing dental caries in adults and children. Fluoride prevents dental caries by slowing down the demineralization of enamel, which is caused by the interaction between dental plaque and dental hard tissues. Fluoride may inhibit tooth decay by 40–60% by co-precipitating calcium and phosphate ions and by enhancing the precipitation of fluoridated apatite. Fluoride is also found deposited as calcium fluoride in dental plaque, which helps to prevent dental caries.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cellular Metabolism in Dentine-Pulp Complex
The cellular metabolic processes ensure the physiological integrity of the dentine-pulp complex. Odontoblasts and odontoblast-like cells are responsible for the defence mechanisms in the form of tertiary dentine formation. In turn, the main defence reaction of the pulp is the development of inflammation, during which the metabolic and signalling pathways of the cells are significantly altered.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
COVID and Dentistry
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, whose first case was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. In January 2021, the pandemic is still ongoing and is getting worse [1]. Dental surgery is considered to be a profession at high risk for being infected, and therefore transmitting SARS-CoV-2. Our professional practice was disrupted by lockdowns, resulting in reduced activity, new dental protocols and additional costs for staff protective equipment. This has caused unexpected financial difficulties for many dental practitioners. Even with treatments or vaccines, our professional practice will probably never revert back to the previous situation, as the new constraints may become permanent.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Complicated Ocular Disorders
Apart from the more common ocular disorders, there are some genetic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, that develop ocular disorders as secondary effects as long as the disease progresses. In those cases, Magnetic Nanoparticles can be used as potent drug carriers and magnetic hyperthermia agents due to their response to an external magnetic field. 
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Oct 2021
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