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Topic Review
Current Trends in Skeletal Borderline Patients
Skeletal balance, functional occlusion, and facial harmony are common goals in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. However, the boundary line for the decision between orthodontic and surgical treatment remains very controversial in adult borderline patients. Up to 10% of orthodontically treated patients are borderline and may have been treated either way (both with camouflage and orthognathic surgery). It is suggested that orthodontic camouflage of skeletal malocclusions would have acceptable results if there were an average or short facial pattern, mild anteroposterior jaw discrepancy, dental crowding lower than 4–6 mm, normal soft tissue features (nose, lips, chin), and no transverse skeletal problems. Poor results would be expected with the following: a long vertical facial pattern, moderate or severe antero-posterior jaw discrepancy, dental crowding greater than 4–6 mm, exaggerated facial features, and a transverse skeletal discrepancy.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Pediatric Dentistry
Pediatric dentistry is the branch of dentistry dealing with children's oral health through the education, promotion, prevention and care of oral pathologies. Oral health is an essential part of the overall health and wellbeing. Good oral health needs not only sound teeth and periodontium, but also the wellbeing of all structures of the mouth, jaw, oral, and peri-oral tissues. Most oral health conditions are largely preventable in children and can be treated in their early stages. Caries represent one of the most common non-communicable diseases and the most prevalent among oral diseases in childhood, despite being easily prevented. Factors contributing to oral diseases are an unhealthy diet (rich in fermentable sugars), inadequate oral hygiene, and low fluoride exposure.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Compromised Teeth Preserve or Extract
Prognosis involves “the prediction of the course or outcome of an existing disease, based on empirical information, as well as the ability to recover from the disease”. In dentistry, the predictive probability of dental mortality is based on the stability of the supporting tissues.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Indications and Contraindications of Buccal Fat Pad Usage
The buccal fat pad, also called the Bichat’s fat pad (BFP), is an encapsulated fat mass located in the cheek. This type of specialized fat mass can be used both as a pedicular or free graft in various surgeries and approaches. Due to its easy access from the oral cavity approach, it is commonly used for oroantral and palatal fistula closure. The BFP is used for multiple purposes in reconstructive and oncology surgery and also has its use in esthetic and facial contouring procedures. The amount, volume, and shape of the BFP are mostly associated with the scope of their usage. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Professionally applied fluorides
Professionally applied topical fluorides are used by a dental professional in the dental office to protect the oral health of children and adults, particularly for patients at greater risk. They could be in the form of a gel, varnish, foam, or mouthrinse.  Preventive fraction (PF) is a method used to measure the effectiveness of these products in preventing caries. PF is a percentual ratio computed as the difference between increment or prevalence in the control sample and study sample divided by the increment or prevalence in the control sample.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Oral Diseases
Today, artificial intelligence (AI) has been suggested useful in disease diagnosis, predicting prognosis, or developing patient-specific treatment strategies. Particularly, AI can assist dentists in making time-sensitive critical decisions. It can remove the human element of error in decision-making, providing a superior and uniform quality of health care while reducing the stress load on the dentists.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Oral Cancer Diagnosis
Oral cancer is a malignant condition on the lips or in the oral cavity including the tongue, gingiva, mouth floor, parotid, salivary glands, and throat. More than 90% of oral cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a modern diagnostic tool with great potential to provide rapid, objective and accurate early diagnosis of oral cancer, as well as accurate OSCC grading for better cancer management. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
Fixed orthodontic appliances consist of archwires, brackets, and ligatures. During treatment, the archwires are ligated into the slot of the bracket. The most commonly used materials from which parts of fixed appliances are manufactured are alloys of stainless steel (SS) and nickel-nitanium (NiTi) because of their advantageous mechanical properties.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Oral mucositis
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common side effect of cancer therapies. It causes ulcerative, painful lesions in the oral cavity that can provoke malnutrition, increased risk of infection, longer hospital stays, and seriously affect the quality of life. Cooling the mucosa with oral cryotherapy (OC) during and/or after chemotherapy is the most accessible and tolerable intervention available. The aim of this study is to define the efficacy of OC for preventing OM induced by chemotherapy/radiotherapy in adult patients with cancer. Secondary endpoints include associated problems as pain
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Punica granatum as Anticandidal and Anti-HIV Agent
The oral cavity is crucial from diagnosis to adherence to HAART therapy in the HIV/AIDS population; consequently, drugs that can maintain healthy conditions in the oral cavity are necessary for patients with HIV/AIDS. Punica granatum (pomegranate) is a tree that has been employed extensively for centuries in the traditional medicine of ancient cultures for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including oral and dental diseases. Its potent anticandidal properties have been shown, especially on Candida albicans, the cause of the most common clinical manifestation in HIV patients. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Nanoparticles in Dentistry
Interest in the topic of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials used in dentistry is growing in research as well as clinical settings. An increasing number of nanomaterials have been developed and tested, enabling novel solutions unavailable in dentistry before. The shape and size of these particles influences the physicochemical properties of a substance, which in turn impacts their absorption characteristics. Nanomaterials have unique structures and properties that distinguish them from other materials. In the dental field, nanoparticles have a variety of applications, such as nanocomposites, antimicrobial nanomaterials and bio-mineralization systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Management of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which comes with several comorbidities, was declared a pandemic in early 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO). Glucocorticoids that are used in severe cases of COVID-19 as therapeutic measures may lead to opportunistic fungal infections in such patients. Mucormycosis is one of these infections and mostly occurs in immune-compromised patients such as those who undergo transplant surgeries. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
CAD/CAM 3D Printing Dental Materials
Additive manufacturing is a relatively new technology consisting of a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) workflow, which allows the substitution of many materials with digital data. This process requires three fundamental steps represented by the digitalization of an item through a scanner, the editing of the data acquired using a software, and the manufacturing technology to transform the digital data into a final product, respectively.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Local and Systemic Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe, is a leading etiological agent in periodontitis. This infectious pathogen can induce a dysbiotic, proinflammatory state within the oral cavity by disrupting commensal interactions between the host and oral microbiota. It is advantageous for P. gingivalis to avoid complete host immunosuppression, as inflammation-induced tissue damage provides essential nutrients necessary for robust bacterial proliferation. When it gains access to circulation, P. gingivalis is able to infect a variety of cells, further triggering a variety of inflammatory and hemostatic responses. Among these is the activation of platelets and neutrophils. Neutrophil responses to P. gingivalis, particularly in the presence of activated platelets, include the release of strongly thrombogenic extracellular DNA traps (NETs). Consequently, this pathogen has the capacity not only to promote localized tissue destructiion of the gums but may also trigger some thromboinflammatory processes.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Implant Fracture
Implants fracture is a rare but possible complication that leads to implants failure after prostheses delivery. Fracture involves the forced separation of the implant neck into two or more parts. Mechanical properties play a key role in the failure of dental implant systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Periodontitis
Over 65 components detected in oral fluid have been examined as possible markers for the progression of periodontitis.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Preprosthetic Surgery
The atrophic edentulous jaw can cause severe functional impairment for patients, leading to inadequate denture retention, reduced quality of life, and significant health problems. The aim of preprosthetic surgery is to restore function and form due to tooth loss arising from congenital deformity, trauma, or ablative surgery. Alveolar bone loss is due to disuse atrophy following tooth loss. The advent of dental implants and their ability to preserve bone heralded the modern version of preprosthetic surgery. Their ability to mimic natural teeth has overcome the age-old problem of edentulism and consequent jaw atrophy.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hepatitis Type B and D in Oral Implications
Periodontitis is characterized by low-grade inflammation of the periodontal tissues, the structures that support and connect the teeth to the maxilla and mandible. This inflammation is caused by the accumulation of subgingival bacterial biofilm and gradually leads to the extensive damage of these tissues and the consequent loss of teeth. Hepatitis B is a major global health concern; infection with the hepatitis B virus causes significant inflammation of the liver and the possibility of its gradual evolution to cirrhosis. Hepatitis D, caused by infection with the delta hepatitis virus, is manifest only in patients already infected with the type B virus in a simultaneous (co-infected) or superimposed (superinfected) manner.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Human Saliva for Periodontitis
This pilot study aims to investigate whether salivary small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-associated microRNAs could act as potential biomarkers for periodontal disease status. Twenty-nine participants (10 who were healthy, nine with gingivitis, 10 with stage III/IV periodontitis) were recruited and unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected. Salivary sEVs were isolated using the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method and characterised by morphology, EV-protein and size distribution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western Blot and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), respectively. Ten mature microRNAs (miRNAs) in salivary sEVs and saliva were evaluated using RT-qPCR. The discriminatory power of miRNAs as biomarkers in gingivitis and periodontitis versus healthy controls was evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves. Salivary sEVs were comparable to sEVs morphology, mode, size distribution and particle concentration in healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients. Compared to miRNAs in whole saliva, three significantly increased miRNAs (hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p and hsa-miR-628-5p) were only detected in sEVs in periodontitis when compared to that of healthy controls, with a good discriminatory power (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.96) for periodontitis diagnosis. Our study demonstrated that salivary sEVs are a non-invasive source of miRNAs for periodontitis diagnosis. Three miRNAs that are selectively enriched in sEVs, but not whole saliva, could be potential biomarkers for periodontal disease status.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Fluoride (NaF) in Dentistry
Fluoride is well known for its use in the treatment of dental caries, either systemically or topically. Fluoride intake (such as in drinking water, fluoridated toothpaste, or fluoride supplements) is the cornerstone to preventing dental caries in adults and children. Fluoride prevents dental caries by slowing down the demineralization of enamel, which is caused by the interaction between dental plaque and dental hard tissues. Fluoride may inhibit tooth decay by 40–60% by co-precipitating calcium and phosphate ions and by enhancing the precipitation of fluoridated apatite. Fluoride is also found deposited as calcium fluoride in dental plaque, which helps to prevent dental caries.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2022
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