You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Alienation
Alienation, in a sociological and philosophical context, refers to a condition in which individuals feel estranged, disconnected, or separated from themselves, others, and the broader society. The concept has its roots in the works of Karl Marx, who developed the idea as a central component of his critique of capitalism. However, the concept of alienation has been explored and expanded upon by various thinkers across different disciplines.
  • 3.3K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Common Agricultural Policy
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the agricultural policy of the European Union. It implements a system of agricultural subsidies and other programmes. It was introduced in 1962 and has undergone several changes since then to reduce the cost (from 71% of the EU budget in 1984 to 39% in 2013) and to also consider rural development in its aims. It has been criticised on the grounds of its cost, and its environmental and humanitarian impacts.
  • 3.2K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Socialist Party USA
The Socialist Party USA, officially the Socialist Party of the United States of America (SPUSA), is a multi-tendency democratic socialist party in the United States . The SPUSA was founded in 1973 as a successor to the Socialist Party of America, which had been renamed Social Democrats, USA a year before. The party is officially committed to multi-tendency democratic socialism. Along with its predecessor, the Socialist Party USA has received varying degrees of support when its candidates have competed against those from the Republican and Democratic parties. The SPUSA advocates for complete independence from the Democratic Party. Self-described as opposing all forms of oppression, specifically capitalism and authoritarian forms of communism, the party advocates for the creation of a "radical democracy that places people's lives under their own control—a non-racist, classless, feminist, socialist society [... in which] the people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically-controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups [...] full employment is realized for everyone who wants to work [...] workers have the right to form unions freely, and to strike and engage in other forms of job actions [...] production of society is used for the benefit of all humanity, not for the private profit of a few". Headquartered at the A.J. Muste Institute, the SPUSA's National Office is located at 168 Canal Street in the Chinatown neighborhood of New York City. The party has four chartered state organizations in California, Michigan, Maine and New Jersey as well as twenty eight chartered locals throughout the country. In October 2015, the Socialist Party USA nominated Mimi Soltysik for President and Angela Nicole Walker for Vice President.
  • 3.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Social Movement
A social movement is a collective, organized effort by individuals or groups to bring about social, political, economic, or cultural change. These movements typically mobilize around specific issues, grievances, or ideals, aiming to challenge existing power structures, advocate for reforms, or promote alternative visions of society. Social movements employ a variety of tactics, including protests, demonstrations, advocacy campaigns, and grassroots organizing, to raise awareness, mobilize support, and effectuate social transformation.
  • 3.2K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Evolution of ESG: From CSR to ESG 2.0
The evolving landscape of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has transcended its traditional boundaries, transitioning into Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles and their more advanced iteration, ESG 2.0. Unlike traditional CSR, which primarily emphasizes voluntary ethical practices, ESG integrates sustainability into the core business strategy, transforming how corporations address environmental and societal challenges while enhancing shareholder value. This entry focuses specifically on the European and North American contexts, where regulatory pressures, investor demands, and societal expectations have played pivotal roles in accelerating this transition. Understanding the evolution from CSR to ESG practices is crucial, given the increasing complexity of global challenges such as climate change, inequality, and governance scandals. The emphasis on ESG 2.0 highlights a proactive, strategic approach to embedding sustainability into corporate DNA, ensuring relevance in a rapidly changing world.
  • 3.2K
  • 22 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Green Purchase
   Green purchase refers to the green product purchase activities conducted by consumers to save resources and protect the environment.    Green marketing refers to the marketing activities (including price, plan, process, production, promotion, and personnel) designed by enterprises for all consumers. The purpose of these activities is to minimize the environmental impact of the company's products and service.    Many companies have changed their production strategies to actively respond to environmental problems and changes in consumers' environmental attitudes. They abandoned products that are relatively polluting to the environment or harmful to human health and turned to environmental protection products. Although manufacturers have produced environmentally friendly products, many consumers are not interested in their products due to their consumption values, resistance to new technologies, or their resistance to the premium prices charged for these new products, which leads to sales obstacles for these products. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to understand the influencing factors of consumers' green product purchase behavior for green marketing.
  • 3.2K
  • 16 Sep 2020
Topic Review
List of Volunteer Awards
This is a list of awards issued by organisations and governmental bodies honoring the contributions of volunteers (unpaid staff). Whereas many organisations honor volunteers who serve within those individual organisations, these awards listed here recognize volunteers contributing to a variety of nonprofit organisations, non-governmental organisations, charities, civil society organizations and communities.
  • 3.2K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Interpersonal Relationship
Interpersonal relationships refer to the social connections and interactions between individuals, characterized by emotional bonds, communication, and mutual influence. These relationships encompass various forms, including friendships, familial ties, romantic partnerships, and professional connections, playing a crucial role in shaping individuals' social and emotional well-being.
  • 3.1K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ideal Type
The concept of "ideal type" was introduced by the sociologist Max Weber as a methodological tool to analyze and understand complex social phenomena. An ideal type is an abstract, simplified model constructed by the researcher to highlight essential characteristics of a social phenomenon, allowing for clearer analysis and comparison, despite recognizing that real-world instances may not perfectly align with the constructed model. It serves as an analytical device rather than a precise representation of empirical reality, aiding in the systematic examination of social phenomena.
  • 3.1K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Labor Exploitation
The exploitation of labor is a concept that pertains to the unfair or unjust treatment of workers by employers or those in positions of power within economic systems. It is often associated with the extraction of surplus value from labor, where workers are not adequately compensated for the value they contribute to the production process. This concept is central to Marxist economic theory and has broader implications in discussions about workers' rights and social justice.
  • 3.1K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cognitive Authority
According to Rieh (2005), "Patrick Wilson (1983) developed the cognitive authority theory from social epistemology in his book, Second-hand Knowledge: An Inquiry into Cognitive Authority. The fundamental concept of Wilson’s cognitive authority is that people construct knowledge in two different ways: based on their first-hand experience or on what they have learned second-hand from others. What people learn first-hand depends on the stock of ideas they bring to the interpretation and understanding of their encounters with the world. People primarily depend on others for ideas as well as for information outside the range of direct experience. Much of what they think of the world is what they have gained second-hand. Wilson (1983) argues that all that people know of the world beyond the narrow range of their own lives is what others have told them. However, people do not count all hearsay as equally reliable; only those who are deemed to “know what they are talking about” become cognitive authorities. Wilson coined the term cognitive authority to explain the kind of authority that influences thoughts that people would consciously recognize being proper. Cognitive authority differs from administrative authority or the authority vented in a hierarchical position." (Rieh, 2005).
  • 3.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bebo
Bebo was a social networking website launched in 2005, that now describes itself as "a company that dreams up ideas for fun social apps;" Grant Denholm, the man behind the Bebo relaunch, has confirmed that the site will not be returning as a social network but as a company that makes social apps. The company launched the app Blab in early 2014; it closed in 2016. In December 2014 a new version of Bebo launched as an avatar hashtag messaging app. As of July 2013, it is owned and operated by its founders Michael Birch and Xochi Birch, who took over from Criterion Capital Partners after the company declared bankruptcy.
  • 3.1K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Social Innovation
This entry briefly recounts the history of social innovation and how it went from a descriptive term to a practice-based notion and, finally, to a scientific concept, while highlighting the major transformations it experienced. The text mentions some current debates, before presenting our own definition of social innovation. This definition incorporates contributions from other commonly used definitions while maintaining is operative potential. It also allows to clearly pinpoint what distinguishes social innovation from other types of innovation. The entry ends up with criteria for identifying social innovations.
  • 3.0K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Achieved Status
Achieved status refers to the social position or rank that individuals attain through their own efforts, abilities, or accomplishments within society. Unlike ascribed status, which is assigned at birth or through inherent characteristics, achieved status is earned through education, occupation, skills, or personal achievements, reflecting individuals' merit and contributions to society.
  • 3.0K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Socialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a multi-tendency democratic socialist and social democratic political party in the United States formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party of America which had split from the main organization in 1899. In the first decades of the 20th century, it drew significant support from many different groups, including trade unionists, progressive social reformers, populist farmers and immigrants. However, it refused to form coalitions with other parties, or even to allow its members to vote for other parties. Eugene V. Debs twice won over 900,000 votes in presidential elections (1912 and 1920) while the party also elected two Representatives (Victor L. Berger and Meyer London), dozens of state legislators, more than a hundred mayors and countless lesser officials. The party's staunch opposition to American involvement in World War I, although welcomed by many, also led to prominent defections, official repression and vigilante persecution. The organization was further shattered by a factional war over how to respond to the October Revolution in Imperial Russia in 1917 and the establishment of the Communist International in 1919—many members left the party in favor of the Communist Party USA. After endorsing Robert M. La Follette's presidential campaign in 1924, the party returned to independent action at the presidential level. It had modest growth in the early 1930s behind presidential candidate Norman Thomas. The party's appeal was weakened by the popularity of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, the organization and flexibility of the Communist Party under Earl Browder and the resurgent labor movement's desire to support sympathetic Democratic Party politicians. A divisive and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to broaden the party by admitting followers of Leon Trotsky and Jay Lovestone caused the traditional "Old Guard" to leave and form the Social Democratic Federation. While the party was always strongly anti-fascist as well as anti-Stalinist, its opposition to American entry in World War II cost it both internal and external support. The party stopped running presidential candidates after 1956, when its nominee Darlington Hoopes won fewer than 6,000 votes. In the party's last decades, its members, many of them prominent in the labor, peace, civil rights and civil liberties movements, fundamentally disagreed about the socialist movement's relationship to the labor movement and the Democratic Party and about how best to advance democracy abroad. In 1970–1973, these strategic differences had become so acute that the Socialist Party of America changed its name to Social Democrats, USA. Leaders of two of its caucuses formed separate socialist organizations, the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee and the Socialist Party USA, the former of which became a precursor to the largest socialist organization in the United States in 2017, the Democratic Socialists of America.
  • 3.0K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sociological Abstraction
Sociological abstraction refers to the process of distilling and analyzing complex social phenomena by isolating and examining specific aspects or patterns. Sociologists often use abstraction as a method to simplify the study of society, allowing them to focus on key elements and relationships within social structures. By abstracting certain concepts or variables, researchers can develop theories and models that help explain and understand various social phenomena.
  • 3.0K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Rationalization
Rationalization, in the realm of social science, refers to the process by which individuals or organizations seek to justify and legitimize their actions, decisions, or beliefs through logical reasoning or systematic planning. This concept, prominently associated with Max Weber's sociological theories, suggests that rationalization leads to the increased application of calculative and efficient means in various aspects of human life, ultimately influencing the organization of social structures and institutions. It involves the substitution of traditional, emotional, or value-based considerations with rational, objective, and methodical approaches, shaping the modernization and bureaucratization of societies.
  • 2.9K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cultural Capital
Cultural capital is a sociological concept introduced by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. It refers to the cultural assets and knowledge that an individual possesses, which can be used to gain social advantages and achieve upward mobility within a particular society. Cultural capital encompasses various forms of cultural knowledge, skills, education, and tastes that are valued by a particular social group.
  • 2.7K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Samasource
Samasource employs low-income workers in developing countries to classify data, among other tech work. Samasource mission is to expand opportunity for low-income individuals through the digital economy. One of the first organizations to engage in impact sourcing, Samasource trains workers in basic computer skills and pays a local living wage for their labor. Additionally, Samasource provides health and wellness education, professional skills development, a scholarship program to assist with continuing education costs, and a program to provide micro loans and mentorship to aspiring entrepreneurs. Some of Samasource's clients include Walmart, Google, General Motors and Microsoft. Samasource has offices in San Francisco, California , New York, The Hague, Costa Rica, Montreal , Nairobi, Kenya, Kampala, Uganda and Gulu, Uganda. The organization currently owns and operates delivery centers in Nairobi and Gulu, Uganda, and partners with additional delivery centers in India . Samasource previously had paid workers in Haiti, Pakistan , Ghana, and South Africa .
  • 2.7K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Life Satisfaction and Its Relation to Leisure and Self-Reported Health with an Example from Mexico
Life satisfaction is a concept related to an individual’s evaluation of their life, which is determined by taking into account all of the aspects that could affect it. Such an evaluation usually takes into consideration more than just economic conditions. In this paper, we present the relationship of life satisfaction with two of its main determinants, namely, self-reported health and leisure satisfaction. To exemplify this relationship, we utilize data from Mexico.
  • 2.7K
  • 02 Dec 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 17
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback