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Topic Review
Drugs’ Use in Mass Culture
Drugs in mass culture are uncritical, positive, or neutral representations of drug use that can be encountered in mass cultural products and media. Such representations can be seen in films, music, literature, websites, commercially marketed everyday products such as food, clothing, cosmetics, and celebrities' statements and attitudes towards drugs, among others. Some studies suggest a causal relationship between the representation of drug use in mass culture content and the liberalization of attitudes towards psychoactive substances and the decision to use these substances by the recipients of such content.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Biosociology
Biosociology is an emerging discipline that needs to be well understood and presents many challenges. This research approach shares biological and sociological theories and concepts. However, for many sociologists, the use of biology in the social domain reminds them of fascism or social darwinism. Therefore, biosociology needs to move away from these misinterpretations and focus on generating new methods and perspectives that will move the discipline forward.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Remote Sensing for International Security
Remote sensing technology has seen a massive rise in popularity over the last two decades, be-coming an integral part of our lives. Space-based satellite technologies facilitated access to the in-accessible terrains, helped humanitarian teams, support complex emergencies, and contributed to monitoring and verifying conflict zones. The scoping phase of this review investigated the utility of the role of remote sensing application to complement international peace and security activities owing to their ability to provide objective near real-time insights at the ground level.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Rural Livelihood Climate Vulnerability
Rural livelihood vulnerability to climate change impacts is one of the major policy challenges for sustainable development. Rural socio-economic systems are different from urban and peri-urban systems because of high dependence on climate sensitive natural resources for livelihood practices, access to which is significantly influenced by context-specific socio-cultural and political properties. Rural livelihood vulnerability, therefore, needs to be understood considering both climatic and non-climatic factors. By articulating the Vulnerability Assessment (VA) Framework and the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (SRL) Framework into a shared conceptual framing, this entry defines the rural livelihood vulnerability and outlines its assessment process. In so doing, the framing borrows three vulnerability components (i.e., exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity) for its structural outline and derives analytical variables from the SRL framework.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Aug 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Working Definition of Fake News
Current literature on fake news is rather abundant and mainly focused on history, variety, and types, rather than processes. This review draws on current literature to build a working definition of fake news focused on its present relevance to journalism and political communication contemporary debate, distinguishing it from non-pertinent conceptual varieties and contributing to a much-needed clarification on the subject. We performed a qualitative analysis of the literature published between 2016 and 2020. Data were extracted from Web of Science and Scopus. We define fake news as a type of online disinformation with misleading and/or false statements that may or may not be associated with real events, intentionally designed to mislead and/or manipulate a specific or imagined public through the appearance of a news format with an opportunistic structure (title, image, content) to attract the reader’s attention in order to obtain more clicks and shares and, therefore, greater advertising revenue and/or ideological gain. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Inhabited Institutionalism
Inhabited Institutionalism is a meso-level theoretical approach for evaluating the recursive relationships among institutions, social interactions, and organizations. This theoretical framework offers organizational scholars a multi-faceted consideration of coupling configurations that highlight how institutional processes are maintained, challenged, and transformed without reverting to nested yet binary arguments about individual agency and structural conditions.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Fire Knife
The fire knife is a traditional Samoan cultural implement that is used in ceremonial dances. It was originally composed of a machete wrapped in towels on both ends with a portion of the blade exposed in the middle. Tribal performers of fire knife dancing (or Siva Afi or even "Ailao Afi" as it is called in Samoa) dance while twirling the knife and doing other acrobatic stunts. The towels are set afire during the dances thus explaining the name.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Common Agricultural Policy
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the agricultural policy of the European Union. It implements a system of agricultural subsidies and other programmes. It was introduced in 1962 and has undergone several changes since then to reduce the cost (from 71% of the EU budget in 1984 to 39% in 2013) and to also consider rural development in its aims. It has been criticised on the grounds of its cost, and its environmental and humanitarian impacts.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Green Public Procurement
Green Public Procurement (GPP) became an efficient instrument to achieve the objectives of environmental policy expressed by the European Commission in its Communications. At the same time, it must be addressed by the public authorities as a complex process, in which all purchased goods and services must integrate perfectly into an entire puzzle-like system of legislation, the construction field, innovation, healthcare, food, and education.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Panic Buying
This entry reviews some of the social psychological factors that influence the spread of panic buying. They include social influence and social trust. For a more comprehensive review of the causes of panic buying, refer to creator's publication below [1].
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Effects of Genocide on Youth
The effects of genocide on youth include psychological and demographic effects that affect the transition into adulthood. These effects are also seen in future generations of youth. Demographic effects involve the transfer of children during genocides. In cases of transfer, children are moved or displaced from their homes into boarding schools, adoptive families, or to new countries with or without their families. There are significant shifts in populations in the countries that experience these genocides. Often, children are then stripped of their cultural identity and assimilated into the culture that they have been placed into. Unresolved trauma of genocide affects future generations of youth. Intergenerational effects help explain the background of these children and analyze how these experiences shape their futures. Effects include the atmosphere of the household they grew up in, pressures to succeed or act in specific ways, and how they view the world in which they live. The passing down of narratives and stories are what form present day perceptions of the past. Narratives are what form future generations' ideas of the people who were either victimized or carried out the genocide. As youth of future generations process the stories they hear they create their own perception of it and begin to identify with a specific group in the story. Youth of future generations begin to form their identity through the narratives they hear as they begin to relate to it and see how the genocide affects them. As stories are passed down, children also begin to understand what their parents or grandparents went through. They use narratives as explanation of why their parents talk about it in the way they do or do not talk about it all. Psychological effects of genocide are also relevant in youth. Youth who experience an extreme trauma at an early age are often incapable of fully understanding the event that took place. As this generation of children transition into adulthood, they sort out the event and recognize the psychological effects of the genocide. It is typical for these young survivors to experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as other psychological disorders. Transitioning out of youth and into adulthood is an important development marker in the lives of all people. Youth who transition into adulthood during a genocide have a different experience than those who do not transition during a genocide. Some youth transition earlier as means of survival. Others are unable to fully transition, remaining in a youth state longer.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Intimate Partner Violence
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) includes “any behavior by an intimate partner or ex-partner that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviors”. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Ideology
Ideology is a comprehensive and integrated system of beliefs, values, and ideas that shape individuals' perceptions of the world, guide their understanding of social and political issues, and influence their behavior. It serves as a framework for interpreting reality, often providing a cohesive narrative that informs individuals' views on topics such as politics, morality, and social relations. Ideologies can range from political doctrines to religious frameworks, playing a crucial role in shaping societal norms and individual identities.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Social Movement
A social movement is a collective, organized effort by individuals or groups to bring about social, political, economic, or cultural change. These movements typically mobilize around specific issues, grievances, or ideals, aiming to challenge existing power structures, advocate for reforms, or promote alternative visions of society. Social movements employ a variety of tactics, including protests, demonstrations, advocacy campaigns, and grassroots organizing, to raise awareness, mobilize support, and effectuate social transformation.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Solidarity
Solidarity refers to the unity, cohesion, and mutual support among individuals or groups, often based on shared values, interests, or experiences. It represents a sense of common purpose, identity, and commitment to collective well-being, fostering cooperation, empathy, and reciprocity within social contexts. Solidarity can manifest in various forms, including social, political, economic, and cultural solidarity, and plays a crucial role in promoting social cohesion, resilience, and solidarity within communities and societies.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Social Closure
Social closure refers to the process by which groups or social categories seek to establish and maintain boundaries to protect their privileged position and restrict access to resources, opportunities, or social status. This phenomenon involves mechanisms such as exclusion, discrimination, or credentialism, aimed at preserving the advantages of certain groups while limiting the mobility and opportunities of others. Social closure can manifest in various domains, including education, employment, and social institutions, contributing to social stratification and inequality within societies.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sociological Abstraction
Sociological abstraction refers to the process of distilling and analyzing complex social phenomena by isolating and examining specific aspects or patterns. Sociologists often use abstraction as a method to simplify the study of society, allowing them to focus on key elements and relationships within social structures. By abstracting certain concepts or variables, researchers can develop theories and models that help explain and understand various social phenomena.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Intersubjectivity
Intersubjectivity refers to the shared understanding and mutual agreement between individuals regarding their subjective experiences, perceptions, and interpretations of the world. It involves the recognition and validation of each other's perspectives, allowing for meaningful communication, cooperation, and collaboration based on common understanding and empathy. Intersubjectivity is essential for social interaction, interpersonal relationships, and the construction of shared meanings within society.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Bebo
Bebo was a social networking website launched in 2005, that now describes itself as "a company that dreams up ideas for fun social apps;" Grant Denholm, the man behind the Bebo relaunch, has confirmed that the site will not be returning as a social network but as a company that makes social apps. The company launched the app Blab in early 2014; it closed in 2016. In December 2014 a new version of Bebo launched as an avatar hashtag messaging app. As of July 2013, it is owned and operated by its founders Michael Birch and Xochi Birch, who took over from Criterion Capital Partners after the company declared bankruptcy.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Partnership
The widespread use of terms such as ‘collaboration’, ‘partnership’, ‘cooperation’, and more recently expressions such as 'co-creation' and 'co-production', has led to debates about the expectations of such relationships and calls for more rigorous clarification and classification of these related concepts, which are sometimes used interchangeably. This entry shares some of the attempts that have been made to define and categorize ‘partnership’. It concludes by suggesting that the broad spectrum of personal and organizational interactions and connections within, between, and across different sectors, domains, disciplines, and contexts makes the quest to delineate and categorize these diverse types of collaborative endeavours a seemingly impossible task.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2022
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