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Topic Review
Fusospirillosis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of inter-dental papillae (the sections of gum between adjacent teeth). This disease, along with necrotizing (ulcerative) periodontitis (NP or NUP) is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the seven general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis). The often severe gum pain that characterizes ANUG distinguishes it from the more common chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If ANUG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NUP is used. Treatment of ANUG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics (usually metronidazole) in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name trench mouth arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.
  • 679
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is still the first line of treatment for most cancer patients. Patients receiving chemotherapy are generally prone to infections, which result in complications, such as sepsis, mucositis, colitis, and diarrhoea. 
  • 678
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Time-Based Prospective Memory
Time-based prospective memory is a type of prospective memory in which remembrance is triggered by a time-related cue that indicates that a given action needs to be performed. An example is remembering to watch a television program at 3 p.m. In contrast to time-based prospective memory, event-based prospective memory is triggered by an environmental cue that indicates that an action needs to be performed. An example is remembering to send a letter (the action) after seeing a mailbox (the cue). While event-based memory is dependent on the environment, time-based prospective memory is self-initiated; one must specifically monitor the passage of time.
  • 677
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Prognostic Biomeasurements for Cancer
Malnutrition can significantly affect disease progression and patient survival. The efficiency of weight loss and bioimpedance analysis (BIA)-derived measures in the evaluation of malnutrition, and disease progression and prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) are an important area of research.
  • 676
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Dacryocystocele
Dacryocystocele (Dacryocystitis) or timo cyst is a benign, bluish-gray mass in the inferomedial canthus that develops within a few days or weeks after birth. The uncommon condition forms as a result as a consequence of narrowing or obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct, usually during prenatal development. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction disrupts the lacrimal drainage system, eventually creating a swelling cyst in the lacrimal sac area by the nasal cavity. The location of the cyst can cause respiratory dysfunction, compromising the airway. The obstruction ultimately leads to epiphora, an abundance of tear production.
  • 675
  • 10 Oct 2022
Biography
Michael Ashburner
Michael Ashburner FRS[1] (born 23 May 1942) is a biologist and Emeritus Professor in the Department of Genetics at University of Cambridge.[2] He is also the former joint-head and co-founder of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI)[3] of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)[4][5] and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. Born in Sussex, England, Ashburner attended High W
  • 674
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Radial Dysplasia
Radial dysplasia, also known as radial club hand or radial longitudinal deficiency, is a congenital difference occurring in a longitudinal direction resulting in radial deviation of the wrist and shortening of the forearm. It can occur in different ways, from a minor anomaly to complete absence of the radius, radial side of the carpal bones and thumb. Hypoplasia of the distal humerus may be present as well and can lead to stiffness of the elbow. Radial deviation of the wrist is caused by lack of support to the carpus, radial deviation may be reinforced if forearm muscles are functioning poorly or have abnormal insertions. Although radial longitudinal deficiency is often bilateral, the extent of involvement is most often asymmetric. The incidence is between 1:30,000 and 1:100,000 and it is more often a sporadic mutation rather than an inherited condition. In case of an inherited condition, several syndromes are known for an association with radial dysplasia, such as the cardiovascular Holt-Oram syndrome, the gastrointestinal VATER syndrome and the hematologic Fanconi anemia and TAR syndrome. Other possible causes are an injury to the apical ectodermal ridge during upper limb development, intrauterine compression, or maternal drug use (thalidomide).
  • 673
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Breast Cancer
Vitamin D3, which is well known to maintain calcium homeostasis, plays an important role in various cellular processes. It regulates the proliferation and differentiation of several normal cells, including immune and neoplastic cells, influences the cell cycle, and stimulates cell maturation and apoptosis through a mechanism dependent on the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The involvement of vitamin D3 in breast cancer development has been observed in numerous clinical studies. The effect of vitamin D3 on the development of breast cancer (favorable, ineffective, or even unfavorable) depends on many factors, such as age, menopausal status, or obesity. 
  • 671
  • 11 Aug 2022
Biography
Frank J. Low
Frank James Low (November 23, 1933 – June 11, 2009) was a solid state physicist who became a leader in the new field of infrared astronomy, after inventing the gallium doped germanium bolometer in 1961. This detector extended the range of the observable spectrum to much longer wavelengths. Born on November 23, 1933 in Mobile, Alabama, Low grew up as a child in Houston, Texas . His undergrad
  • 666
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms and Factors of Ovarian Aging
Infertility is a global problem on the rise. The WHO defines it as a condition of the reproductive system that can be diagnosed when there is a “failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse”. It occurs due to four broad causes: lifestyle choices, inheritable factors, health conditions, and aging, with a degree of overlap between each of these factors. There are various mechanisms and factors that contribute to infertility, most of which have some type of connection with oxidative damage.
  • 662
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cranio–lenticulo–sutural Dysplasia
Cranio–lenticulo–sutural dysplasia (CLSD, or Boyadjiev-Jabs syndrome) is a neonatal/infancy disease caused by a disorder in the 14th chromosome. It is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that both recessive genes must be inherited from each parent in order for the disease to manifest itself. The disease causes a significant dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum in fibroblasts of the host with CLSD. Due to the distension of the endoplasmic reticulum, export of proteins (such as collagen) from the cell is disrupted. The production of SEC23A protein is involved in the pathway of exporting collagen (the COPII pathway), but a missense mutation causes and underproduction of SEC23A which inhibits the pathway, affecting collagen secretion. This decrease in collagen secretion can lead to the bone defects that are also characteristic of the disease, such as skeletal dysplasia and under-ossification. Decreased collagen in CLSD-affected individuals contributes to improper bone formation, because collagen is a major protein in the extracellular matrix and contributes to its proper mineralization in bones. It has also been hypothesized that there are other defects in the genetic code besides SEC23A that contribute to the disorder.
  • 657
  • 24 Oct 2022
Biography
James J. Wynne
James J. Wynne (born March 19, 1943 in Brooklyn)[1] is an American physicist at the IBM Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY. Wynne pioneered the use of excimer lasers for medical applications, most notably LASIK. He received the National Medal of Technology and Innovation on February 2, 2013 from U.S. President Obama, together with Rangaswamy Srinivasan and (posthumously) Samuel Blum
  • 657
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Low Dose Rate Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer
Low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy was introduced to treat prostate cancer (PCa). Since then, it has been widely applied worldwide, including in East Asia. LDR brachytherapy has been performed in 88 institutes in Japan. Beneficial clinical outcomes of LDR brachytherapy for intermediate-to-high-risk PCa have been demonstrated in large clinical trials.
  • 656
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Physical Activity Messages Targeting Parents
Physical activity (PA) messages have demonstrated success in targeting parent support for PA. However, little research exists to inform the development and dissemination of optimally effective PA messages targeting parents. A synthesis of existing literature is necessary to inform message development and dissemination strategies.
  • 655
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Critical Depth
In biological oceanography, 'Critical Depth' is defined as a hypothesized surface mixing depth at which phytoplankton growth is precisely matched by losses of phytoplankton biomass within this depth interval. This concept is useful for understanding the initiation of phytoplankton blooms.
  • 652
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Galanin
Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals. Galanin signaling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors. Much of galanin's functional role is still undiscovered. Galanin is closely involved in the modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons. Galanin has been implicated in many biologically diverse functions, including: nociception, waking and sleep regulation, cognition, feeding, regulation of mood, regulation of blood pressure, it also has roles in development as well as acting as a trophic factor. Galanin neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus may govern parental behaviour. Galanin is linked to a number of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy as well as depression, eating disorders, cancer, and addiction. Galanin appears to have neuroprotective activity as its biosynthesis is increased 2-10 fold upon axotomy in the peripheral nervous system as well as when seizure activity occurs in the brain. It may also promote neurogenesis. Galanin is predominantly an inhibitory, hyperpolarizing neuropeptide and as such inhibits neurotransmitter release. Galanin is often co-localized with classical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, and also with other neuromodulators such as neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
  • 647
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Oprelvekin
Oprelvekin is recombinant interleukin eleven (IL-11), a thrombopoietic growth factor that directly stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocyte progenitor cells and induces megakaryocyte maturation resulting in increased platelet production. It is marketed under the trade name Neumega.
  • 646
  • 18 Nov 2022
Biography
Leroy Dubeck
Dr. Leroy William Dubeck (born March 1, 1939, in Orange, NJ)[1] is a chess master and a chess politician and a retired Professor of Physics. He was president of the US Chess Federation (USCF) from 1969-1972. Dubeck also writes science fiction. Dubeck is on the Faculty Committee of Temple University. He holds a Ph.D. in Physics from Rutgers University. He joined the Temple faculty in 1965, and
  • 646
  • 09 Dec 2022
Biography
Leo Arons
Martin Leo Arons (15 February 1860 – 10 October 1919) was a German physicist and social democratic politician. He was the namesake of the Lex Arons, a law which disallowed members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) to teach at Prussian universities. Leo Arons came from a wealthy Jewish banking family in Berlin. His parents were A
  • 645
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Vaccine
A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of cancer. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Some of the vaccines are "autologous", being prepared from samples taken from the patient, and are specific to that patient. Some researchers claim that cancerous cells routinely arise and are destroyed by the immune system (immunosurveillance); and that tumors form when the immune system fails to destroy them. Some types of cancer, such as cervical cancer and liver cancer, are caused by viruses (oncoviruses). Traditional vaccines against those viruses, such as the HPV vaccine and the hepatitis B vaccine, prevent those types of cancer. Other cancers are to some extent caused by bacterial infections (e.g. stomach cancer and Helicobacter pylori). Traditional vaccines against cancer-causing bacteria (oncobacteria) are not further discussed in this article.
  • 644
  • 19 Oct 2022
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