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Topic Review
Small Non-Coding RNAs in Salmonella–Host Interactions
Salmonella species infect hosts by entering phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, causing diverse disease symptoms, such as fever, gastroenteritis, and even death. Therefore, Salmonella has attracted much attention. Many factors are involved in pathogenesis, for example, the capsule, enterotoxins, Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), and corresponding regulators. These factors are all traditional proteins associated with virulence and regulation. Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) have also been reported to function as critical regulators. Salmonella has become a model organism for studying sRNAs. sRNAs regulate gene expression by imperfect base-pairing with targets at the post-transcriptional level. sRNAs are involved in diverse biological processes, such as virulence, substance metabolism, and adaptation to stress environments. 
  • 713
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
RNA-Based Information Transfer via Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50–1000 nm vesicles secreted by virtually any cell type in the body. They are expected to transfer information from one cell or tissue to another in a short- or long-distance way. RNA naturally present in EVs might be limited in a physiological context.
  • 710
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Iconisation of Yeast Spreads
Spent brewer’s yeast is the second largest by-product generated by the brewing industry. The term “spent brewer’s yeast” is used to describe yeast that is surplus to the brewer’s needs or is no longer needed in the brewing process.
  • 708
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Female Fertility in Beef Cattle
Female fertility is the foundation of the cow–calf industry, impacting both efficiency and profitability. 
  • 708
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Dairy Cow Thermal State
Heat stress in cattle is broadly defined as a physiological condition in which body temperature rises, and the animals are no longer able to adequately dissipate body heat to maintain thermal equilibrium due to environmental factors. Dairy cattle are particularly sensitive to heat stress because of the higher metabolic rate needed for milk production. Due to global warming and the expected growth of milk production in warmer regions, an increase in the occurrence of heat stress can only be avoided with the use of environmental control systems.
  • 707
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Chemical Components and Enteric Methane Production
Methanogenesis is critical in cattle because it prevents accumulation of metabolic hydrogen in the rumen by serving as a reducing equivalent sink. Alternative hydrogen sinks exist, however, and these alternative sinks are affected by the ingredient and chemical composition of the diet, such that the quantity of CH4 produced by cattle varies based on dietary constituents that are fed. Diets that produce acetate liberate hydrogen to be used by methanogenic archaea to produce CH4. Conversely, propionate serves as a net hydrogen sink, and diets that increase propionate and decrease acetate result in decreased ruminal CH4 production, reflecting decreased availability of metabolic hydrogen for methanogens to reduce CO2 to CH4.
  • 706
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Production of Organic Milk
Milk is one of the most valuable products in the food industry with most milk production throughout the world being carried out using conventional management, which includes intensive and traditional systems. The intensive use of fertilizers, antibiotics, pesticides and concerns regarding animal health and the environment have given increasing importance to organic dairy and dairy products. 
  • 704
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Quorum Sensing Cascade in ESKAPE Pathogens
Quorum sensing (QS) is a density dependent cell-to-cell communication mechanism responsible for controlling pathogenicity with the regulation of gene expression.
  • 701
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biology of Anthonomus testaceosquamosus Linell, 1897 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Although native to northeastern Mexico and southern Texas, the hibiscus bud weevil (HBW), Anthonomus testaceosquamosus Linell 1897, was recently discovered infesting hibiscus in south Florida in 2017. During outbreak events, HBW feeding on hibiscus buds has been found to significantly affect the marketability of the crop. Therefore, it is vital that an integrated pest management (IPM) program be developed for this pest in order to mitigate the economic loss to the hibiscus industry of south Florida.
  • 701
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Soybean CHYR Gene Family
The CHYR (CHY ZINC-FINGER AND RING FINGER PROTEIN) proteins have been functionally characterized in iron regulation and stress response in Arabidopsis, rice and Populus.  In soybean, 16 CHYR genes with conserved Zinc_ribbon, CHY zinc finger and Ring finger domains were obtained and divided into three groups. Moreover, additional 2–3 hemerythrin domains could be found in the N terminus of Group III. Phylogenetic and homology analysis of CHYRs in green plants indicated that three groups might originate from different ancestors. Expectedly, GmCHYR genes shared similar conserved domains/motifs distribution within the same group. Gene expression analysis uncovered their special expression patterns in different soybean tissues/organs and under various abiotic stresses. Group I and II members were mainly involved in salt and alkaline stresses. The expression of Group III members was induced/repressed by dehydration, salt and alkaline stresses, indicating their diverse roles in response to abiotic stress. 
  • 700
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Potential of Flow Cytometric Approaches in Food Industry
Microbial contamination, including the carryover of infectious microbes, is a global public health concern. An alternative technique that serves as a powerful, rapid, and highly sensitive method for the specific and non-specific detection, monitoring, enumeration, and characterization of microorganisms is flow cytometry (FCM).
  • 699
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pomacea canaliculata in China under Global Climate Change
Pomacea canaliculata is one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world, which has significant effects and harm to native species, ecological environment, human health, and social economy. Climate change is one of the major causes of species range shifts. With recent climate change, the distribution of P. canaliculata has shifted northward. Understanding the potential distribution under current and future climate conditions will aid in the management of the risk of its invasion and spread.
  • 699
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Crop Prices Factors in the Climate Change Context
Food security has become a concerning issue because of global climate change and increasing populations. Agricultural production is considered one of the key factors that affects food security. The changing climate has negatively affected agricultural production, which accelerates food shortages. The supply of agricultural commodities can be heavily influenced by climate change, which leads to climate-induced agricultural productivity shocks impacting crop prices.
  • 699
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Genomic Interventions for Wheat Biofortification
Wheat is an essential constituent of cereal-based diets, and one of the most significant sources of calories. However, modern wheat varieties are low in proteins and minerals. Biofortification is a method for increasing the availability of essential elements in the edible portions of crops through agronomic or genetic and genomic interventions. Wheat biofortification, as a research topic, has become increasingly prevalent. 
  • 698
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Technology Training
The implementation of technology training is essential to promote the commercialization of research achievements, and can play a crucial role in poverty alleviation.
  • 698
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
SiMYB19
SiMYB19 is tentatively localized to the nucleus and activates transcription. It enhances salt tolerance in transgenic rice at the germination and seedling stages. SiMYB19 overexpression increased shoot height, grain yield, and salt tolerance in field- and salt pond-grown transgenic rice. SiMYB19 overexpression promotes abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in transgenic rice and upregulates the ABA synthesis gene OsNCED3 and the ABA signal transduction pathway-related genes OsPK1 and OsABF2.
  • 697
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change and Plant Breeding
Plant breeding is, by definition, the art and science of changing the traits of plants through genetic improvements to produce desired characteristics for the benefit of humanity. Thus, plant breeding strives to use diverse genetic material to change the genetic composition of desirable plants/crops and select and multiply those with the highest attributes, structure, and nutrient composition for the most suitable uses related to human requirements. Crop yield has been a major target of plant breeding, although resistance and quality have also been important. Climate change calls for breeding efforts to improve characters in agricultural crops that can contribute to mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The assessment of plant characters has shown that an increased nutrient use efficiency is a major character that has a larger impact in decreasing the GHG emissions in wheat production.
  • 697
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Nero Lucano Pig Breed
The Nero Lucano (NL) pig is a black coat colored breed characterized by a remarkable ability to adapt to the difficult territory and climatic conditions of Basilicata region in Southern Italy.
  • 696
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Ripeness Estimation in Viticulture Automation
Ripeness estimation of fruits and vegetables is a key factor for the optimization of field management and the harvesting of the desired product quality. Typical ripeness estimation involves multiple manual samplings before harvest followed by chemical analyses. Machine vision has paved the way for agricultural automation by introducing quicker, cost-effective, and non-destructive methods.
  • 696
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
EVOO’s Flavor
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most distinctive ingredients of the Mediterranean diet. EVOO can be defined as the oil obtained from the fruit of the olive tree (Olea europaea), using exclusively mechanical or physical procedures. To obtain an EVOO, olives cannot be treated with other procedures than washing, decanting, centrifugation, and filtration, thus excluding oils obtained with solvents or by re-esterification or oil mixing procedures.
  • 694
  • 09 Mar 2021
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