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Topic Review
Bee Products for Poultry and Rabbits
Poultry and rabbit production are important and rapidly growing agricultural subsectors, particularly in several developing countries. To ensure the sustainability of poultry and rabbit production, realistic poultry and rabbit farming practices must be improved. Apitherapy is a traditional alternative medicine that involves the prevention and treatment of some diseases with several bee products including propolis, royal jelly, pollen, and venom. More feeding investigations on the numerous benefits of bee products for poultry and rabbits are crucial to be addressed. Poultry and rabbit production has recently experienced numerous challenges, including climate change, disease spread, and antibiotic misuse. Improving animal welfare, health, and production is a top priority for all livestock farms, as is supplying consumers with safe and healthy products. 
  • 737
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Natural Coating Application
The components of edible films are mainly based on natural biopolymers, protein, polysaccharide, and lipid compounds, which create a thin layer on the fruit surface and have been shown to extend the shelf-lives of early apple cultivars as well as those of citrus, European pears, pineapple, papaya, grapes, strawberry, and stone fruit. The natural coatings limit moisture and solute migration into the fruit tissue but do not consistently regulate diffusion of CO2gas across various fruit species, with no data available for the the post-harvest behavior of coated plumcots.
  • 736
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Crested Servaline Genet
The Crested Servaline Genet (Genetta cristata) is a small carnivorous mammal native to the dense forests and woodlands of Central Africa. Known for its distinctive crested appearance, characterized by a tuft of fur on its head, this elusive species is a member of the Genetta genus within the Viverridae family. With its arboreal habits and nocturnal lifestyle, the Crested Servaline Genet plays a vital role in forest ecosystems as a predator of small vertebrates and an important seed disperser.
  • 736
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Soil health in Pasture
The USDA-NRCS (United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resource Conservation Service) defines soil as (i) the unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants, (ii) the unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the Earth that has been subjected to and shows effects of genetic and environmental factors of climate (including water and temperature effects), and macro- and microorganisms, conditioned by relief, acting on parent material over a period of time. Soil health is an emerging paradigm for which much research in row crop agriculture has been undertaken. Research involving grazing lands and soil health has not been as active, a feature partially attributed to (i) greater erosional rates in cropland, (ii) loss of soil organic matter and reduced soil structure attributed to annual tillage practices, (iii) cash flow from cropland is easier to visualize than the value-added nature of grazing lands, and (iv) there exists more competitive grant funding sources for croplands. Grazing lands do require soil quality augmentation and investment in soil health to optimize their ecosystem services potential.
  • 734
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nutritional Importance of Lentils
The legume family includes approximately 19,300 species across three large subfamilies, of which Papilionoideae stands out with 13,800 species. Lentils were one of the first crops to be domesticated by humans. They are diploid legumes that belong to the Papilionoidea subfamily and are of agricultural importance because of their resistance to drought and the fact that they grow in soil with a pH range of 5.5–9; therefore, they are cultivated in various types of soil, and so they have an important role in sustainable food and feed systems in many countries. In addition to their agricultural importance, lentils are a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They are key to human nutrition since they are an alternative to animal proteins, decreasing meat consumption. 
  • 734
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bacteroides-Based Microecologics against Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a self-limiting disease mediated by antibiotic therapy. In clinical practice, several types of probiotics are used in treating AAD, but minimal research has been done on Bacteroides-based microecologics.
  • 733
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Serotonin 2B (HTR2B) Receptor in Human Uveal Melanoma
Uveal melanoma (UM) remains the most common intraocular malignancy among diseases affecting the adult eye. The primary tumor disseminates to the liver in half of patients and leads to a 6 to 12-month survival rate, making UM a particularly aggressive type of cancer. 
  • 733
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides for Bacterial Control
Antimicrobial resistance to conventional drugs has resulted in high global rates of recurrent invasive infections, facilitating disease progression and reducing the likelihood of effective treatments.
  • 731
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
California Sea Lion
The California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) is a charismatic marine mammal found along the western coast of North America, particularly in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Known for its sleek, torpedo-shaped body, intelligent demeanor, and remarkable agility in both water and on land, the California Sea Lion captivates observers with its playful antics and social behaviors. As opportunistic feeders, they primarily prey on fish, squid, and occasionally crustaceans, employing their keen senses and adaptability to thrive in diverse marine environments.
  • 730
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Reversible Methylation of N6-Methyladenosine in Plant Virus Infection
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification in the mRNAs of many eukaryotic species. The abundance and effects of m6A are determined by dynamic interactions between its methyltransferases (“writers”), demethylases (“erasers”), and binding proteins (“readers”). It has been indicated that there is a strong correlation between m6A and virus infection in mammals. In the case of plant virus infection, it appears that m6A plays a dual role. On the one hand, m6A acts as a plant immune response induced by virus infection, inhibiting viral replication or translation through methylation of viral genome RNAs. On the other hand, m6A acts as part of an infection strategy employed by plant viruses to overcome the host immune system by interacting with m6A-related proteins. 
  • 728
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Feed Additives on Health Status of Grow–Finish Pigs
There are numerous feed additives that can be used to enhance grow–finish pig growth performance and carcass characteristics, which can potentially lead to a higher economic return. Feed additives have shown benefits throughout the literature in improving grow–finish pigs’ growth performance and carcass characteristics. 
  • 727
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Connectomics in Glioma Surgery
The term connectomics broadly refers to the study of networks of structurally and functionally connected regions within the central nervous system. The interaction between glial tumors and structural and functional neuronal networks is becoming increasingly recognized and is reshaping our understanding of the impact of these infiltrative lesions on global brain function. 
  • 726
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Plant Secondary Metabolites Involved in Biotic Stress Tolerance
Plant secondary metabolites are categorized into terpenoids (such as saponin), phenolics (such as flavones, lignin, isoorientin, tannin, flavonoids, and glyceollin), and nitrogen compounds (such as sinigrin and dhurrin). Different secondary metabolites show different metabolisms, which help to suppress the growth and development of herbivores. Phenolic metabolites with volatile compounds repel herbivores and protect the plant.
  • 726
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Improving Flavor Stability of Beer by Lager Yeast
Flavor is the main quality characteristic for beer and requires the flavor-active components presented as raw materials or developed by yeast metabolism to be controlled within a certain range in order to maintain flavor balance.
  • 723
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Role of Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribosylation in Bone Health
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation is the transfer of ADP-ribose units from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to acceptor proteins. This post-translational modification (PTM) unavoidably alters protein functions and signaling networks, thereby impacting cell behaviors and tissue outcomes. As a ubiquitous mechanism, ADP-ribosylation affects multiple tissues, including bones, as abnormal ADP-ribosylation compromises bone development and remodeling.
  • 722
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pain Relief for Livestock Husbandry Procedures
A livestock pain relief innovation in Australia in 2005 that led to an awakening of on-farm pain welfare management, was the development of a ‘spray and stay’ topical anaesthesia and antiseptic wound formulation (topical anaesthetic formulation (TAF); Tri-Solfen®, Medical Ethics, Australia) for use during mulesing in sheep. This product, when applied to wounds, rapidly alleviates pain through blockage of nociception, ablates hyperalgesia, minimises bleeding and provides antisepsis with reduced need for antimicrobial cover during healing. With a rapid onset and prolonged duration, the readily observable clinical efficacy commenced a transformational ‘welfare revolution’ in Australian livestock agricultural attitudes and practices with over 120million animals now treated. On application, the TAF forms a long-lasting bio-compatible barrier over the wound, creating its own intrinsic analgesic properties and diminishing the risk of biofilm formation. The TAF acts as a slow-release carrier for the actives, including the two local anaesthetics, lidocaine hydrochloride (5% w/w) and bupivacaine hydrochloride (0.5% w/w), the antiseptic cetrimide (0.5% w/w), in addition to the vasoconstrictor adrenaline acid tartrate (0.00451% w/w) that minimise vasodilation and bleeding, preventing systemic absorption and risk of toxicity. The TAF keeps the actives in contact with the wound tissue, creating synergies that prolong the analgesia well beyond the expected duration of action of actives (at least 24 h) and hastening both healing of husbandry wounds and other lesions, especially those induced by epidermal viral infections including Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus.
  • 721
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Limitations of Currently Available Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccines
Ineffective vaccines, declining employment in the agricultural sector and increasing awareness of antimicrobial resistance has led policymakers to shift the focus onto the development of superior, more efficacious vaccines as a major contribution in reducing the pressure to intensify on the farming sector. Although many vaccines against BRD are currently available on the UK market, they have limitations. Only a few of the vaccines have been registered as suitable for use in pregnant or lactating cows and all require refrigeration. Additionally, all come with a strong recommendation for a booster to advance immunity and none have been tested for maternal antibody interference. Only eleven of the vaccines registered for use in the UK are multivalent and only four have been tested and deemed suitable for use alongside other veterinary treatments, frequently with those of the same manufacturer. However, multiple pathogens are considered threats during the neonatal stage and so it is impractical and ineffectual to have monovalent or incompatible medicines. Vaccination against BRD presents many challenges.
  • 721
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Lipid Deposition and Metabolism in Local Pig Breeds
Intensive selective breeding and genetic improvement of relatively few pig breeds led to the abandonment of many low productive local pig breeds. However, local pig breeds are better adapted to their specific environmental conditions and feeding resources and therefore represent a valuable genetic resource. They accumulate larger amounts of fat, which generally contains more monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids; they exhibit a higher adipocyte size and higher activity of lipogenic enzymes. Studies using the transcriptomic approach highlighted several processes like immune response, fatty-acid turn-over, oxidoreductase activity and mitochondrial function which differ between local and modern pig breeds.
  • 718
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neonatal Piglet Interest in Rope Enrichment
In the United States swine industry, preweaning mortality represents the highest mortality rate of any production phase, nearly half attributed to crushing. The overarching aim of this entry was to determine if enrichment ropes would entice neonatal piglets away from the sow and reduce preweaning mortality.
  • 718
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Broiler Breeder Hens
Past immunological studies in broilers focused on juveniles within the rapid pre-slaughter growth period and may not reflect adult immune responses, particularly in breeders managed with chronic feed restriction (R). 
  • 713
  • 18 Jun 2021
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