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Topic Review
The Nero Lucano Pig Breed
The Nero Lucano (NL) pig is a black coat colored breed characterized by a remarkable ability to adapt to the difficult territory and climatic conditions of Basilicata region in Southern Italy.
  • 514
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
VGLUT3+ Neurons in Hippocampal Activity and Behaviour
Neurons using glutamate as a neurotransmitter can be characterised by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Among the three subtypes, VGLUT3 is often co-localise with other “classical” neurotransmitters and can modulate their release. Its contribution to sensory processes (including seeing, hearing, and mechanosensation) is well characterised. However, its involvement in learning and memory can only be assumed based on its prominent hippocampal presence. Beside local VGLUT3 positive network hippocampus gets innervation from the median raphe. This hippocampal glutamatergic network plays a pivotal role in several important processes (e.g., learning and memory, emotions, epilepsy, cardiovascular regulation). 
  • 514
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Osteoporosis
As an insidious metabolic bone disease, osteoporosis plagues the world, with high incidence rates. Patients with osteoporosis are prone to falls and becoming disabled, and their cone fractures and hip fractures are very serious, so the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis is very urgent. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles secreted from cells to the outside of the cell and they are wrapped in a bilayer of phospholipids. According to the size of the particles, they can be divided into three categories, namely exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. The diameter of exosomes is 30–150 nm, the diameter of microvesicles is 100–1000 nm, and the diameter of apoptotic bodies is about 50–5000 nm. EVs play an important role in various biological process and diseases including osteoporosis.
  • 514
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Method of Pest Control in Insects
Modern agriculture and public health management both depend heavily on insect pest control. It includes a range of tactics and strategies meant to control and lessen the negative effects that insect pests have on human, animal, and agricultural populations.Chemical pesticides are a primary method of controlling insect pests. These chemicals are intended to target particular pests and disturb their life cycles or kill them. However, a heavy dependence on pesticides can result in damage to non-target creatures, environmental contamination, and pesticide resistance. Consequently, integrated pest management (IPM) has grown in popularity. IPM incorporates several tactics, such as mechanical measures (traps and barriers), cultural practices (rotation crops or modifying planting timings), and biological management (using natural predators or parasites to reduce pest populations). This minimizes the need for chemical treatments. Sustainable and environmentally friendly pest management techniques have become more popular recently, placing a focus on the use of biopesticides (naturally occurring organisms or their derivatives) and genetically modifying crops to ward off pests. Furthermore, developments in monitoring technology like remote sensing and data analytics assist farmers in making wise choices about pest control. Finally, insect pest management is a complex enterprise that has evolved to strike a balance between the need for pest mitigation and worries about the environment and human health, eventually maintaining food security and the health of ecosystems.
  • 514
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Floral Volatile Terpenoids
Floral volatile terpenoids (FVTs) belong to a group of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that play important roles in attracting pollinators, defending against pathogens and parasites and serving as signals associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses. Although research on FVTs has been increasing, a systematic generalization is lacking. Among flowering plants used mainly for ornamental purposes, a systematic study on the production of FVTs in flowers with characteristic aromas is still limited.
  • 513
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pain Relief for Livestock Husbandry Procedures
A livestock pain relief innovation in Australia in 2005 that led to an awakening of on-farm pain welfare management, was the development of a ‘spray and stay’ topical anaesthesia and antiseptic wound formulation (topical anaesthetic formulation (TAF); Tri-Solfen®, Medical Ethics, Australia) for use during mulesing in sheep. This product, when applied to wounds, rapidly alleviates pain through blockage of nociception, ablates hyperalgesia, minimises bleeding and provides antisepsis with reduced need for antimicrobial cover during healing. With a rapid onset and prolonged duration, the readily observable clinical efficacy commenced a transformational ‘welfare revolution’ in Australian livestock agricultural attitudes and practices with over 120million animals now treated. On application, the TAF forms a long-lasting bio-compatible barrier over the wound, creating its own intrinsic analgesic properties and diminishing the risk of biofilm formation. The TAF acts as a slow-release carrier for the actives, including the two local anaesthetics, lidocaine hydrochloride (5% w/w) and bupivacaine hydrochloride (0.5% w/w), the antiseptic cetrimide (0.5% w/w), in addition to the vasoconstrictor adrenaline acid tartrate (0.00451% w/w) that minimise vasodilation and bleeding, preventing systemic absorption and risk of toxicity. The TAF keeps the actives in contact with the wound tissue, creating synergies that prolong the analgesia well beyond the expected duration of action of actives (at least 24 h) and hastening both healing of husbandry wounds and other lesions, especially those induced by epidermal viral infections including Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus.
  • 513
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Antimutagenic Plants of Saudi Arabia
Mutagenic complications can cause disease in both present as well as future generations. The disorders are caused by exogenous and endogenous agents that damage DNA beyond the normal repair mechanism. Rapid industrialization and the population explosion have contributed immensely to changes in the environment, leading to unavoidable exposure to mutagens in our daily life. 
  • 512
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Reversible Methylation of N6-Methyladenosine in Plant Virus Infection
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification in the mRNAs of many eukaryotic species. The abundance and effects of m6A are determined by dynamic interactions between its methyltransferases (“writers”), demethylases (“erasers”), and binding proteins (“readers”). It has been indicated that there is a strong correlation between m6A and virus infection in mammals. In the case of plant virus infection, it appears that m6A plays a dual role. On the one hand, m6A acts as a plant immune response induced by virus infection, inhibiting viral replication or translation through methylation of viral genome RNAs. On the other hand, m6A acts as part of an infection strategy employed by plant viruses to overcome the host immune system by interacting with m6A-related proteins. 
  • 512
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Circular RNAs in Mammalian Ovaries
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an abundant class of endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) generated from exonic, intronic, or untranslated regions of protein-coding genes or intergenic regions. The diverse, stable, and specific expression patterns of circRNAs and their possible functions through cis/trans regulation and protein-coding mechanisms make circRNA a research hotspot in various biological and pathological processes. It also shows practical value as biomarkers, diagnostic indicators, and therapeutic targets. 
  • 512
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Therapies and Calves’ Gastrointestinal Microbiota
The main components of calves’ GIM are Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae (40%) (Firmicutes phylum), and Bacteroidaceae (15%) (Bacteroides phylum), followed by Enterobacterales (25%) (Proteobacteria phylum), which decreases during GIM maturation (5%), whereas Prevotellaceae increases (20%) (Bacteroidetes phylum). The composition of feedcolostrum and GIM in neonate calves is similar, and GIM’s evolution occurs rapidly during the first 10 weeks of life. Amounts of ARGs were found higher in calves than in adult animals reared in the same environment. Living conditions, such as wet soil and the number of cattle residing in the farm (>500), were risk factors for colonization with cefotaxime (third generation cephalosporin, GC) resistant bacteria. A decrease of Enterobacterales during the first weeks of life has been associated with a general decrease in ARGs abundance in calves, with breed influencing the abundance of certain ARGs and ampC gene (copy number).
  • 511
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)
The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was a large, elephant-like mammal that lived during the Ice Age. It belonged to the family Elephantidae, which includes modern elephants. It was characterized by its long, curved tusks, thick fur, and adaptations to extremely cold climates. The woolly mammoth was one of the last surviving members of the Mammuthus genus and played a significant role in Pleistocene ecosystems. Its extinction around 4,000 years ago was due to a combination of climate change and human activity.
  • 509
  • 19 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Antibodies are now a versatile tool for diagnostics and therapy of various conditions in humans and hyperimmune sera can be replaced by specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs have been known since the 1970s. Numerous mAbs have been developed against SARS-CoV 2 and have proven their effectiveness, especially in the management of the mild-to-moderate disease. 
  • 508
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nano-Enabled Weed Management Using Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone)-Based Nanoherbicides
The number of effective herbicides available to farmers is steadily decreasing due to increasing herbicide resistance. It seems very important to address and effectively deal with the main weed management challenges (low crop yield and environmental pollution) by investigating the potential of newly introduced materials, such as biocompatible polymer-based nanoparticles. It has been indicated that some polymeric nanocarriers can penetrate biological barriers, including membranes and plant cell walls, and translocate across vascular tissues, resulting in a more efficient delivery of active ingredients. Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) is a biocompatible material that is easily decomposable by enzymes and fungi. Poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles could be applied as nanocarriers of herbicides in agriculture due to their low toxicity, their potential for large-scale synthesis from inexpensive materials, their ability to dissolve herbicides, their high loading capacity, and their ability to help minimize the chemical decomposition of herbicides.
  • 507
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Deleterious Effects of Heat Stress on Poultry Production
High environmental temperature is one of the significant factors challenging poultry production during hot seasons or in tropical areas causing heat stress (HS). The detrimental effects of HS on broilers range from reduced growth performance to impaired poultry meat quality. HS impairs physiological responses caused by alteration in blood parameters, which could lead to impaired product quality by reducing moisture content and altering the production of antioxidant enzymes resulting in increased oxidative stress. There has been a focus on the use of nutritional supplements as a cost effective HS amelioration strategy, such as betaine and polyphenols. Supplementing broiler chicken’s diets with polyphenols aims to enhance growth performance via reduced levels of oxidative stress in tissues under HS conditions. Furthermore, using betaine as an osmolyte aims to protect tissues during osmotic stress conditions.
  • 507
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Virus Mutations and SARS-CoV-2
The COVID-19 virus strains were named after Greek alphabetical letters, and the designation is based on the positions and number of mutations. There are some disagreements regarding mutations belonging to specific strain groups, probably because different mutations evolved and spread further on different continents and states.
  • 506
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MiRNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous disease where a specific immunologic and genetic/epigenetic background is responsible for disease manifestations and course.
  • 506
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microplastic Studies in Aquatic Environments
Microplastic pollution is no longer neglected worldwide, as recent studies have unveiled its potential harm to ecosystems and, even worse, to human health. Numerous studies have documented the ubiquity of microplastics, reflecting the necessity of formulating corresponding policies to mitigate the accumulation of microplastics in natural environments.
  • 504
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Less Known Cyclins
Cyclins belong to a group of proteins that are cyclically produced and destructed in a cell. Cyclins are a family of proteins that are a key component of the cell cycle regulating system, which level of expression depends on the phase of the cycle.
  • 503
  • 22 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Servaline Genet
The Servaline Genet (Genetta servalina) is a sleek and agile carnivore found in sub-Saharan Africa, known for its slender body, long tail, and distinctive coat pattern of spots and stripes. Despite its resemblance to a small cat, the Servaline Genet is a member of the Viverridae family, exhibiting a unique blend of feline and mongoose-like characteristics. Typically nocturnal and solitary, these elusive creatures are adept climbers and hunters, preying on a variety of small vertebrates and insects in their forested habitats.
  • 503
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Hemp for Dairy Ruminants
Recently, hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) was rediscovery as a plant that offers a wide variety of applications (textile, pharmaceuticals, construction, etc.), including also the use in animal and human nutrition.  The inclusion of whole seeds and co-products obtained by processing of seeds (cake, meal, and oil) in the diets of farm animals can allow the transfer of bioactive substances to human food. The protein content, amino acids profile, and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) of hempseed and co-products of hemp appear interesting and suitable for ruminant nutrition.
  • 501
  • 30 Mar 2021
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