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Topic Review
Dairy Cow Thermal State
Heat stress in cattle is broadly defined as a physiological condition in which body temperature rises, and the animals are no longer able to adequately dissipate body heat to maintain thermal equilibrium due to environmental factors. Dairy cattle are particularly sensitive to heat stress because of the higher metabolic rate needed for milk production. Due to global warming and the expected growth of milk production in warmer regions, an increase in the occurrence of heat stress can only be avoided with the use of environmental control systems.
  • 385
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Designing Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Consortia
Plant growth-promoting bacteria are commonly used in agriculture, particularly for seed inoculation. Multispecies consortia are believed to be the most promising form of these bacteria. However, designing and modeling bacterial consortia to achieve desired phenotypic outcomes in plants is challenging. 
  • 384
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
SlPG49 in Solanum lycopersicum
The modification and degradation of pectin in cell walls are necessary for the fruit softening process, which involves a series of pectin-modifying enzymes. Polygalacturonases (PGs) are a major group of pectin-hydrolyzing enzymes, which participate in fruit maturation, organ shedding, pollen development, and other processes by catalyzing the degradation of polygalacturonic acid. However, their function in plants has not yet been fully elucidated. In this paper, a full-length cDNA encoding SlPG49 was cloned from a tomato. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that SlPG49 contains four typical conserved domains and belongs to clade E in PG classification. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that SlPG49 was highly expressed in fruits during the softening stage, indicating that SlPG49 may be involved in fruit softening. Subcellular localization results revealed that SlPG49 was located in the cell membrane and the cell wall. In addition, an in vitro enzymatic activity assay confirmed that SlPG49 does have the ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid. These results indicate that SlPG49 is a newly discovered PG gene involved in tomato fruit softening, and provide an experimental basis for elucidating the biological functions of plant PGs during fruit softening. 
  • 382
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Developmental and Physiological Regulation by Epitranscriptomic Modifications
Epitranscriptomic modifications play important roles during plant development and in various responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The major developmental processes affected by these modifications include organogenesis, embryonic and cotyledon development, seed development and seed yield, root and shoot growth, leaf morphology, trichome branching, floral transition, the proliferation of shoot apical meristem, and fruit ripening.
  • 382
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Hooded Seal
The Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata) is a distinctive marine mammal known for the inflatable, hood-like structure on the males' heads, which they use during courtship displays. Found primarily in the icy waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, these seals are characterized by their silver-gray fur and robust, torpedo-shaped bodies. Hooded Seals are notable for their impressive diving abilities, with individuals capable of descending to depths of over 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) in search of prey.
  • 382
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Early-Successional Habitat Needs of At-Risk Species
Public lands alone are insufficient to address the needs of most at-risk wildlife species in the U.S. As a result, a variety of voluntary incentive programs have emerged to recruit private landowners into conservation efforts that restore and manage the habitats needed by specific species. There is one of such effort, Working Lands for Wildlife (WLFW), initiated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service in partnership with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
  • 381
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Genome Editing for Avian Model Development
Avian models are valuable for studies of development and reproduction and have important implications for food production. Rapid advances in genome-editing technologies have enabled the establishment of avian species as unique agricultural, industrial, disease-resistant, and pharmaceutical models. The direct introduction of genome-editing tools, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, into early embryos has been achieved in various animal taxa. The advancement of avian germline transmission and genome editing technology enabled researchers to develop various genome edited avian models, including a disease resistant model, efficient bioreactor, and academic model for scientific use.
  • 381
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Early-Life Origins of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not a single disease but a collection of medical conditions that occur together and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although MetS had been defined slightly differently by various organizations, the main components of MetS include obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. The prevalence estimates vary, based on the criteria used for the diagnosis of MetS. 
  • 380
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Selenium/Vitamins E/B9 in Bovine Mastitis during Periparturient Period
Mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland) commonly occurs in dairy cattle during the periparturient period (transition period), in which dairy cattle experience physiological and hormonal changes and severe negative energy balance, followed by oxidative stress. The periparturient period in dairy cattle is critical and predisposes them to mastitis. Key factors leading to the susceptibility of dairy cattle to mastitis during the transition period are negative energy balance, followed by excessive lipid mobilization, oxidative stress, and consequent abnormal regulation of immunity and inflammation. Dairy cattle experience severe deficiency of some key nutrients (vitamin E, folic acid, and selenium) during the perinatal period, which predisposes them to mastitis. Vitamin (E and folic acid) and Se supplementation positively impact immunoregulation and relieve the oxidative and inflammatory status in dairy cattle during the periparturient phase. 
  • 380
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Potential of Microalgal Biostimulants for Sustainable Agricultural Practices
Plant biostimulants have long been considered an important source of plant growth stimulants in agronomy and agro-industries with both macroalgae (seaweeds) and microalgae (microalgae). There has been extensive exploration of macroalgae biostimulants.
  • 380
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
American Black Bear
The American black bear (Ursus americanus) stands as an iconic and widely distributed bear species native to North America. Known for its adaptable nature and diverse habitats, this bear species exhibits a range of coat colors, including black, brown, cinnamon, and even blonde. With a complex social structure and omnivorous diet, the American black bear plays a vital ecological role in the diverse ecosystems it inhabits.
  • 379
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Crab-eating Raccoon
The Crab-eating Raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) is a fascinating mammal species native to Central and South America. Renowned for its adaptable nature and varied diet, this raccoon species is often found in a range of habitats, including mangrove forests, wetlands, and coastal areas. Its distinctive name reflects its unique dietary preference for crustaceans, particularly crabs, although it also consumes a variety of other foods such as fruit, insects, and small vertebrates.
  • 378
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Plant Cell Walls to Improve Biomass Quality
Biomass is one of the most important sources of renewable energy and plays an important role in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. Efficient biomass production is essential to obtain large amounts of sustainable energy with minimal environmental cost.
  • 377
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Global Navigation Satellite Systems in Precision Agriculture
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in precision agriculture (PA) represent a cornerstone for field mapping, machinery guidance, and variable rate technology.
  • 377
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Jatropha Biodiesel Source
Environmental pollution is one of the most pressing challenges in today’s world. The main cause of this pollution is fuel emissions from automobiles and other sources. As industrialization progresses, people will be unable to compromise on the use of energy to power heavy machines and will be forced to seek out the best options. As a consequence, utilizing green fuel, such as biodiesel derived from natural sources, is a realistic option. Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is recognized as the greatest feedstock for biodiesel production throughout the world, and it has gained a huge market value in the recent years. Conventional cultivation alone will not be sufficient to meet the global need for the plant’s biomass for the production of biodiesel. Adoption of plant tissue culture techniques that improve the biomass availability is an immediate need.
  • 376
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Injury Identification during Turkey Husbandry
Injurious pecking against conspecifics is a serious problem in turkey husbandry. Bloody injuries act as a trigger mechanism to induce further pecking, and timely detection and intervention can prevent massive animal welfare impairments and costly losses. Thus, the overarching aim is to develop a camera-based system to monitor the flock and detect injuries using neural networks. In a preliminary study, images of turkeys were annotated by labelling potential injuries. These were used to train a network for injury detection.
  • 376
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Climate Change and Plant Breeding
Plant breeding is, by definition, the art and science of changing the traits of plants through genetic improvements to produce desired characteristics for the benefit of humanity. Thus, plant breeding strives to use diverse genetic material to change the genetic composition of desirable plants/crops and select and multiply those with the highest attributes, structure, and nutrient composition for the most suitable uses related to human requirements. Crop yield has been a major target of plant breeding, although resistance and quality have also been important. Climate change calls for breeding efforts to improve characters in agricultural crops that can contribute to mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The assessment of plant characters has shown that an increased nutrient use efficiency is a major character that has a larger impact in decreasing the GHG emissions in wheat production.
  • 376
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Short-eared Dog
The Short-eared Dog (Atelocynus microtis) is a fascinating and elusive canid species native to the rainforests of South America. Recognized for its distinctive appearance, characterized by short ears and a bushy tail, this carnivorous mammal occupies a niche as a specialized predator within its dense forest habitat. Despite its cryptic nature, the Short-eared Dog plays a crucial role in ecosystem dynamics, contributing to the regulation of prey populations and maintaining the balance of forest ecosystems.
  • 376
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gut Health in Veterinary Medicine
In recent decades, the term “gut health” has become increasingly popular and frequently used in the scientific literature regarding human and veterinary medicine. A consensus on the definition of “gut health” has not yet been reached as the intestine is a complex organ with digestive, immunological, neurological and endocrine functions. Gut health is generally defined as the absence, prevention or avoidance of intestinal disease so that the animal is able to perform its physiological functions in order to withstand exogenous and endogenous stressors. However, a broader definition of gut health should cover multiple positive aspects of the gastrointestinal tract including effective digestion and absorption of feed, the proper structure of gastrointestinal barrier, the absence of gastrointestinal illness, normal and stable intestinal microbiota, effective immune status, and proper control of the enteric nervous system.
  • 375
  • 10 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Ebola Virus GP Activates Endothelial Cells
Ebola GP triggers apoptosis through an additional pathway other than the ICAM-1 induction pathways. Finally, the cytoskeletal signaling pathways may serve as important targets for the development of therapeutic drugs against EBOV disease. 
  • 375
  • 19 Jan 2022
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