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Topic Review
Authority
Authority refers to the legitimate power or right to give commands, make decisions, and enforce obedience. It is a social, organizational, or governmental structure that establishes individuals or institutions as having the rightful power to lead, guide, or govern others. Authority is an essential aspect of social order, as it helps maintain stability and facilitates the functioning of institutions, organizations, and societies.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Homophily
Homophily is the tendency for individuals to associate and form social bonds with others who share similar characteristics or traits, such as age, gender, ethnicity, education level, or interests. This phenomenon reflects the natural inclination of individuals to seek out and interact with others who are like themselves, contributing to the formation of homogenous social networks and communities.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Samasource
Samasource employs low-income workers in developing countries to classify data, among other tech work. Samasource mission is to expand opportunity for low-income individuals through the digital economy. One of the first organizations to engage in impact sourcing, Samasource trains workers in basic computer skills and pays a local living wage for their labor. Additionally, Samasource provides health and wellness education, professional skills development, a scholarship program to assist with continuing education costs, and a program to provide micro loans and mentorship to aspiring entrepreneurs. Some of Samasource's clients include Walmart, Google, General Motors and Microsoft. Samasource has offices in San Francisco, California , New York, The Hague, Costa Rica, Montreal , Nairobi, Kenya, Kampala, Uganda and Gulu, Uganda. The organization currently owns and operates delivery centers in Nairobi and Gulu, Uganda, and partners with additional delivery centers in India . Samasource previously had paid workers in Haiti, Pakistan , Ghana, and South Africa .
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Role of parasocial relationship (PSR)
       Individuals’ emotional bonds with media performers have impacts on desirable attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. A parasocial relation (PSR) is “a seeming face-to-face relationship” created between a media persona and audience members. PSR has persuasive influence on knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors concerning specific social issues such as health, environment, and politics. Audiences are also likely to perform the behaviors advocated by celebrities and adopt attitudes and beliefs similar to those held by celebrities. 
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Social Inertia
Social inertia refers to the tendency of social systems to resist change and maintain their existing state of equilibrium. It encompasses the collective reluctance or resistance within a society to adopt new ideas, practices, or norms, even in the face of external pressures or opportunities for change. Social inertia can arise from various factors, including cultural traditions, institutional structures, and psychological biases, and it often presents challenges for efforts to enact social reform or innovation.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Necropolitics
Necropolitics is a concept that originates from postcolonial theory and refers to the politics of death and the power dynamics surrounding the control and regulation of life and death. Coined by Achille Mbembe, necropolitics examines how state power and sovereignty are exercised through the management of mortality, including the deployment of violence, surveillance, and exclusionary practices that determine who lives and who dies within a society.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Social Status
Social status refers to the position or rank that an individual holds within a social hierarchy, often determined by factors such as wealth, occupation, education, and social connections. It influences an individual's access to resources, opportunities, and privileges, as well as their social standing and reputation within society. Social status can be hierarchical, with some individuals occupying higher positions than others, and can vary across different social contexts and cultures.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COVID-19 and Romantic Relationships
Since the beginning of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted most people’s activities and relationships. Romantic relationships are a crucial source of fulfillment and emotional safety for many individuals. However, due to the risk of illness and the social distancing norms, human interaction, even inside one’s couple or family, suffered great changes. Some of these changes have the potential of disrupting people’s relational or psychological well-being, but they can also have positive impacts. On the other hand, one of the most negative consequences is the growing number of intimate partner violence (IPV) incidents. Considering all these aspects, therapy would be beneficial for those affected.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Social Constructionism
Social constructionism is a theoretical approach in sociology that posits that reality is socially constructed through language, discourse, and social interactions. It asserts that knowledge and meaning are not inherent in objects or phenomena but are instead created and maintained by individuals and societies through shared beliefs, cultural norms, and power dynamics. Social constructionism emphasizes the role of language, symbols, and social context in shaping our understanding of reality and social phenomena.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Visual Ageism
The concept of “visual ageism” describes the media practice of visually underrepresenting older people or misrepresenting them in a prejudiced way. Visual ageism refers to visual representations of older people being in peripheral or minor roles without positive attributes; non-realistic, exaggerated, or distorted portraits of older people, and over-homogenized characterizations of older people. 
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Modernity
Modernity is a complex socio-cultural and historical concept that signifies a departure from traditional ways of life towards contemporary, industrialized societies characterized by technological advancements, urbanization, and changing social structures. Emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, modernity encompasses a broad spectrum of transformations, including shifts in economic systems, political ideologies, and cultural expressions, shaping the modern world as we know it today.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Food Waste Management
Feeding the people sustainably continues to be a challenge in the present times. Enormous amounts of food wastage aggravate this problem. In developing countries, food wastage primarily occurs within the supply chain. Lack of technological infrastructure in these countries causes significant post-harvest loss. While research shows that developments in food supply chains can reduce food wastage, no systematic research has been done so far to show the possible relationship between the use of technology and food loss.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Bike-Sharing Systems
The idea behind Bike-Sharing Systems (BSS) is simple: a pool of publicly available bicycles placed around the city and ready to be used for a low payment BSS have raised in popularity in the last years due to their potential share in sustainable cities. Although the first attempts to implement a bike-sharing public service date back to 1965 (Amsterdam), their widespread use arrived with the millennium becoming a vibrant research area whose activity has increased steadily in the last decade.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy
Social acceptance of renewable energy is the attitude of the local population of a given territory to accept the presence, installation or expansion of plants, projects and processes for the production of energy from renewable sources (RES) such as geothermal, sun, wind and biomass. It differs from the generally favorable predisposition of a population towards RES in places far from their homes: indeed, social acceptance of local RES can hinder the development of renewable energy projects, even for a population whose general acceptance of RES is relatively high. 
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Community
Community refers to a social group or a gathering of people who share common interests, values, beliefs, or goals and who interact with each other within a specific geographic area or virtual space. Communities can take various forms and sizes, ranging from small, close-knit neighborhoods to large, global online communities. Whether formed around geographic proximity, cultural ties, or common hobbies, communities play a vital role in shaping social interactions, providing support, and contributing to the overall well-being of individuals. Recognizing the significance of communities is essential for fostering a sense of connection, understanding, and shared humanity in the complex fabric of human societies.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Disability Studies
Disability studies is an academic discipline that examines the meaning, nature, and consequences of disability. Initially, the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability", where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body, while disability was considered a social construct. This premise gave rise to two distinct models of disability: the social and medical models of disability. In 1999 the social model was universally accepted as the model preferred by the field. However, in recent years, the division between the social and medical models has been challenged. Additionally, there has been an increased focus on interdisciplinary research. For example, recent investigations suggest using "cross-sectional markers of stratification" may help provide new insights on the non-random distribution of risk factors capable of acerbating disablement processes.[clarification needed] Disability studies courses include work in disability history, theory, legislation, policy, ethics, and the arts. However, students are taught to focus on the lived experiences of individuals with disabilities in practical terms. The field is focused on increasing individuals with disabilities access to civil rights and improving their quality of life. Disability studies emerged in the 1980s primarily in the US, the UK, and Canada. In 1986, the Section[clarification needed] for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability of the Social Science Association (United States) was renamed the Society for Disability Studies. The first US disabilities studies program emerged in 1994, at Syracuse University. The first edition of the Disabilities Studies Reader (one of the first collections of academic papers related to disability studies) was published in 1997. The field grew rapidly over the next ten years. In 2005, the Modern Language Association established disability studies as a "division of study". While Disability Studies primarily emerged in the US, the UK and Canada, disability studies were also conducted in other countries through different lens. For instance Germany, looks at Queer Disability Studies since the beginning of the early 20th century. The Disability Studies in Germany are influenced by the written literary works of feminist sexologist who study how being disabled affects one's sexuality and ability to feel pleasure. In Norway, Disability Studies are focused in the literary context. A variation emerged in 2017 with the first Accessibility Studies program at Central Washington Univeristy with an interdisciplinary focus on social justice, universal design and international Web Accessibility Guidelines (WAG3) as a general education knowledge base.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Context Collapse
Context collapse refers to the phenomenon in digital communication where distinct social spheres or contexts intersect, leading to challenges in managing audience expectations, privacy boundaries, and self-presentation. It occurs when content intended for one audience becomes visible to multiple, potentially disparate audiences, blurring the boundaries between personal, professional, and social identities online. Context collapse often raises concerns about privacy, authenticity, and social repercussions in digital environments.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Negative Capability
Negative capability was a phrase first used by Romantic poet John Keats in 1817 to characterise the capacity of the greatest writers (particularly Shakespeare) to pursue a vision of artistic beauty even when it leads them into intellectual confusion and uncertainty, as opposed to a preference for philosophical certainty over artistic beauty. The term has been used by poets and philosophers to describe the ability of the individual to perceive, think, and operate beyond any presupposition of a predetermined capacity of the human being.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Socialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a multi-tendency democratic socialist and social democratic political party in the United States formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party of America which had split from the main organization in 1899. In the first decades of the 20th century, it drew significant support from many different groups, including trade unionists, progressive social reformers, populist farmers and immigrants. However, it refused to form coalitions with other parties, or even to allow its members to vote for other parties. Eugene V. Debs twice won over 900,000 votes in presidential elections (1912 and 1920) while the party also elected two Representatives (Victor L. Berger and Meyer London), dozens of state legislators, more than a hundred mayors and countless lesser officials. The party's staunch opposition to American involvement in World War I, although welcomed by many, also led to prominent defections, official repression and vigilante persecution. The organization was further shattered by a factional war over how to respond to the October Revolution in Imperial Russia in 1917 and the establishment of the Communist International in 1919—many members left the party in favor of the Communist Party USA. After endorsing Robert M. La Follette's presidential campaign in 1924, the party returned to independent action at the presidential level. It had modest growth in the early 1930s behind presidential candidate Norman Thomas. The party's appeal was weakened by the popularity of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, the organization and flexibility of the Communist Party under Earl Browder and the resurgent labor movement's desire to support sympathetic Democratic Party politicians. A divisive and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to broaden the party by admitting followers of Leon Trotsky and Jay Lovestone caused the traditional "Old Guard" to leave and form the Social Democratic Federation. While the party was always strongly anti-fascist as well as anti-Stalinist, its opposition to American entry in World War II cost it both internal and external support. The party stopped running presidential candidates after 1956, when its nominee Darlington Hoopes won fewer than 6,000 votes. In the party's last decades, its members, many of them prominent in the labor, peace, civil rights and civil liberties movements, fundamentally disagreed about the socialist movement's relationship to the labor movement and the Democratic Party and about how best to advance democracy abroad. In 1970–1973, these strategic differences had become so acute that the Socialist Party of America changed its name to Social Democrats, USA. Leaders of two of its caucuses formed separate socialist organizations, the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee and the Socialist Party USA, the former of which became a precursor to the largest socialist organization in the United States in 2017, the Democratic Socialists of America.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Industrialization
Industrialization is the process of transforming an economy from primarily agrarian and manual labor-based into one dominated by manufacturing and industry. It involves the widespread adoption of mechanized production methods, the establishment of factories, and the utilization of advanced technologies to increase productivity. This societal shift, historically associated with the 18th and 19th centuries, has profound implications for economic structures, labor markets, and overall societal development.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Jan 2024
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