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Topic Review
Spatial-Frequency Domain Imaging
Measurement of optical properties is critical for understanding light-tissue interaction, properly interpreting measurement data, and gaining better knowledge of tissue physicochemical properties. However, conventional optical measuring techniques are limited in point measurement, which partly hinders the applications on characterizing spatial distribution and inhomogeneity of optical properties of biological tissues. Spatial-frequency domain imaging (SFDI), as an emerging non-contact, depth-varying and wide-field optical imaging technique, is capable of measuring the optical properties in a wide field-of-view on a pixel-by-pixel basis. 
  • 2.3K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
DICONDE
Digital Imaging and Communication for Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) is a vendor-neutral digital data storage and transmission protocol that defines the organization of nondestructive testing (NDT) inspection data and associated metadata in a standard format. DICONDE is based on and inherits from the universally adopted medical standard, DICOM, which facilitates the interoperability of imaging, video, and signal data acquisition equipment through data storage, query, and network communication protocols. The ASTM International standards organization maintains and holds the copyright to the relevant DICONDE published standards, including a tutorial guide designated as E3169. Development and maintenance of the standard is handled by committee E07 on nondestructive testing. Subcommittee E07.11 on DICONDE is concerned with the formulation of standards for the communication and storage of data generated by all nondestructive testing methodologies capable of handling data in an electronic format. ASTM maintains a page dedicated to DICONDE and openly provides resources on the ASTM DICONDE home page.
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Intel C++ Compiler
Intel oneAPI DPC++/C++ Compiler and Intel C++ Compiler Classic are Intel’s C, C++, SYCL, and Data Parallel C++ (DPC++) compilers for Intel processor-based systems, available for Windows, Linux, and macOS operating systems.
  • 2.3K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Xbox 360 System Software
The Xbox 360 system software or the Xbox 360 Dashboard is the updateable software and operating system for the Xbox 360. It formerly resided in a 16 MB file system. However, starting with the NXE Update, more storage became a requirement, rectified by either having a Hard Drive installed, or one of the later revisions of the console with adequate flash storage embedded within the console. The system software has access to a maximum of 32 MB of the system's Random Access Memory. The updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service directly to the Xbox 360 and subsequently installed. Microsoft has also provided the ability to download system software updates from their respective official Xbox website to their PCs and then storage media, from which the update can be installed to the system. The Xbox 360 game system allows users to download applications that add to the functionality of the dashboard. Most apps required the user to be signed into a valid Xbox Live Gold account in order to use the features advertised for the given app. But as of the 2.0.16756.0 update, most apps do not require an Xbox Live Gold Subscription to access them, although the app may have its own subscription to be able to use it. With the exception of a few early apps, Microsoft has added partners to develop apps for the Xbox 360 system since the New Xbox Experience (NXE) Dashboard update in 2008. Following the success of Xbox One preview program launched in 2014, in March 2015, Microsoft announced the Xbox 360 preview program to the public.
  • 2.3K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Supercomputer Operating Systems
Since the end of the 20th century, supercomputer operating systems have undergone major transformations, as fundamental changes have occurred in supercomputer architecture. While early operating systems were custom tailored to each supercomputer to gain speed, the trend has been moving away from in-house operating systems and toward some form of Linux, with it running all the supercomputers on the TOP500 list in November 2017. Given that modern massively parallel supercomputers typically separate computations from other services by using multiple types of nodes, they usually run different operating systems on different nodes, e.g., using a small and efficient lightweight kernel such as Compute Node Kernel (CNK) or Compute Node Linux (CNL) on compute nodes, but a larger system such as a Linux-derivative on server and input/output (I/O) nodes. While in a traditional multi-user computer system job scheduling is in effect a tasking problem for processing and peripheral resources, in a massively parallel system, the job management system needs to manage the allocation of both computational and communication resources, as well as gracefully dealing with inevitable hardware failures when tens of thousands of processors are present. Although most modern supercomputers use the Linux operating system, each manufacturer has made its own specific changes to the Linux-derivative they use, and no industry standard exists, partly because the differences in hardware architectures require changes to optimize the operating system to each hardware design.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Unsupervised Keyphrase Extraction
A review of unsupervised keyphrase extraction methods.
  • 2.2K
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Integration of AI and the IoT in Education
The emulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems is known as artificial intelligence (AI). The development of intelligent machines that function and respond much like people is the focus of this area of computer science. Machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing are all examples of AI technology. These tools may be used to build systems with intelligence that can reason, analyze, and gain knowledge from data. On the other hand, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of real physical items, such as gadgets and appliances, that are integrated with sensors, software, and connections to allow for data collection and exchange. The integration of AI and the IoT in education has the potential to revolutionize the way we learn. Personalized learning, real-time feedback and support, and immersive learning experiences are some of the benefits that AI and the IoT can bring to the education system.
  • 2.2K
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review Video
Blockchain Acceptance Models
Blockchain is a promising breakthrough technology that is highly applicable in manifold sectors. The adoption of blockchain technology is accompanied by a range of issues and challenges that make its implementation complicated. To facilitate the successful implementation of blockchain technology, several blockchain adoption frameworks have been developed. However, selecting the appropriate framework based on the conformity of its features with the business sector may be challenging for decision-makers. 
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
XC (Programming Language)
In computers, XC is a programming language for real-time embedded parallel processors, targeted at the XMOS XCore processor architecture. XC is an imperative language, based on the features for parallelism and communication in occam, and the syntax and sequential features of C. It provides primitive features that correspond to the various architectural resources provided, namely: channel ends, locks, ports and timers. In combination with XCore processors, XC is used to build embedded systems with levels of I/O, real-time performance and computational ability usually attributed to field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) devices.
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
LuaJIT
LuaJIT is a tracing just in time compiler for the Lua programming language.
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop (SLED), introduced as Novell Linux Desktop, is a Linux distribution supplied by SUSE and targeted at the business market. It is targeted for desktops. New major versions are released at an interval of 24–36 months, while minor versions (called service packs) are released every 9–12 months. SUSE Linux Enterprise products, including SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, receive commercial support and much more intense testing than the openSUSE community product, with the intention that only mature, stable versions of the included components will make it through to the released enterprise product. The current version is SLED 15, which is developed from a common codebase with SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) and other SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) products. SLED includes the GNOME Shell, LibreOffice, Evolution and many other popular open source packages such as Dia, TigerVNC, and lftp. Like SLES, SLED is based on openSUSE Tumbleweed and shares a common codebase with openSUSE Leap. On 15 March 2019, EQT Partners completed its acquisition of SUSE for 2.5 billion USD, leaving SUSE one of the largest independent enterprise Linux vendors.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey
In recent years, there has been an exponential growth in the number of complex documents and texts that require a deeper understanding of machine learning methods to be able to accurately classify texts in many applications. Many machine learning approaches have achieved surpassing results in natural language processing. The success of these learning algorithms relies on their capacity to understand complex models and non-linear relationships within data. However, finding suitable structures, architectures, and techniques for text classification is a challenge for researchers. In this paper, a brief overview of text classification algorithms is discussed. This overview covers different text feature extractions, dimensionality reduction methods, existing algorithms and techniques, and evaluation methods. Finally, the limitations of each technique and its application in real-world problems are discussed.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Linear Tape File System
The Linear Tape File System (LTFS) is a file system that allows files stored on magnetic tape to be accessed in a similar fashion to those on disk or removable flash drives. It requires both a specific format of data on the tape media and software to provide a file system interface to the data. The technology, based around a self-describing tape format developed by IBM, was adopted by the LTO Consortium in 2010.
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Integrating MANET with the Internet
The Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile devices that forms a self-created, self-administered, and self-organized network. It is an infrastructureless network that does not require an existing infrastructure to operate. MANET suits scenarios where a temporary network is needed, such as emergency rescue, the military field, and disaster areas. MANET is an isolated network, and communication is restricted to the participating nodes’ transmission coverage. In order to increase its connectivity and its application scope, however, MANET requires integration with other networks, forming a hybrid MANET. The integration of MANET and IP networks raises many challenges and issues. Mobility management is one of the main challenges.
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities
The emergence of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has enhanced the lives of humans and envisioned the concept of smart cities using informed actions, enhanced user interpretations and explanations, and firm decision-making processes. The XAI systems can unbox the potential of black-box AI models and describe them explicitly.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Comparison Between Esperanto and Ido
Ido, like Esperanto, is a constructed international auxiliary language. L. L. Zamenhof published his constructed language under the pseudonym Dr Esperanto in 1887. It immediately became popular, but soon people were making suggestions as to how they thought it might be improved. Zamenhof responded by making a list of possible changes to Esperanto and in 1894 put them before the Esperanto community. If accepted they would create what Dr Zamenhof called "a Reformed Esperanto". This proposed reformed Esperanto is sometimes referred to as Esperanto 1894. However, when the Esperanto community was invited to vote on whether to adopt the proposals, they rejected the proposals by a large majority. Ido was created around a quarter of a century after Esperanto. The name Ido means "offspring" in Esperanto and was so named by its creators because it was a development of Esperanto. The creation of Ido led to a schism between those who believed that Esperanto should be left as it was and those who believed that it had what they perceived as inherent flaws which made it not quite good enough to be the world's international auxiliary language. Those who opposed change maintained that it was endless tinkering that had led, in their opinion, to the decline of Volapük a once popular constructed language that had predated Esperanto's publication by a few years. They would also surely have pointed out that Dr Zamenhof's reform proposals of 1894 had been rejected by popular vote. The languages of Esperanto and Ido remain close, and largely mutually intelligible, like two dialects of the same language. Just as dialects of a language are quite often sources of new words for that language through literature, so Ido has contributed many neologisms to Esperanto (especially in poetic substitutes for long words using the mal- prefix). One study conducted with 20 college students at Columbia University circa 1933 suggests that Esperanto's system of correlative words is easier to learn than Ido's. Two other studies by the same researchers suggest no significant overall difference in difficulty of learning between Esperanto and Ido for educated American adults, but the sample sizes were again small: in the two tests combined, only 32 test subjects studied Ido. The researchers concluded that additional comparative studies of Esperanto and Ido are needed.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microsoft Store (Digital)
Microsoft Store (formerly known as Windows Store) is a digital distribution platform owned by Microsoft. It started as an app store for Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 as the primary means of distributing Universal Windows Platform (UWP) apps. With Windows 10, Microsoft merged its other distribution platforms (Windows Marketplace, Windows Phone Store, Xbox Music, Xbox Video, Xbox Store, and a web storefront also known as "Microsoft Store") into Microsoft Store, making it a unified distribution point for apps, console games, and digital videos. Digital music was included until the end of 2017, and E-books were included until 2019. Some content is available free of charge from the store. In 2015, over 669,000 apps were available on the store. Categories containing the largest number of apps are "Books and Reference", "Education", "Entertainment", and "Games". The majority of the app developers have one app. As with other similar platforms, such as the Google Play and Mac App Store, Microsoft Store is curated, and apps must be certified for compatibility and content. In addition to the user-facing Microsoft Store client, the store has a developer portal with which developers can interact. Microsoft takes 30% of the sale price for apps. Prior to January 1, 2015, this cut was reduced to 20% after the developer's profits reached $25,000.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Optical Sensor Networks
Optical sensing that integrates communication and sensing functions is playing a more and more important role in both military and civil applications. Incorporating optical sensing and optical communication, optical sensor networks (OSNs) that undertake the task of high-speed and large-capacity applications and sensing data transmissions have become an important communication infrastructure. However, multiple failures and disasters in OSNs can cause a serious sensing provisioning problem. To ensure uninterrupted sensing data transmission, the survivability has always been an important research emphasis. This paper focuses on the survivable deployment of OSNs against multiple failures and disasters. It first reviews and evaluates the existing survivability technologies developed for or that can be applied in OSNs, such as fiber bus protection, self-healing architecture, 1 + 1 protection, etc. Then, the disaster-resilient survivability requirement of OSNs is elaborated. Moreover, a new concept of k-node (edge) sensing connectivity, which ensures the connectivity between sensing data and users is proposed. Based on k-node (edge) sensing connectivity, the disaster-resilient survivability technologies are developed. The key technologies of implementing k-node (edge) sensing connectivity are also elaborated. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has obtained rapid development. It can be used to improve the survivability of OSNs. This paper also elaborates the potential development direction of survivability technologies of optical sensing in OSNs employing AI.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
LC-3
Little Computer 3, or LC-3, is a type of computer educational programming language, an assembly language, which is a type of low-level programming language. It features a relatively simple instruction set, but can be used to write moderately complex assembly programs, and is a theoretically viable target for a C compiler. The language is less complex than x86 assembly but has many features similar to those in more complex languages. These features make it useful for beginning instruction, so it is most often used to teach fundamentals of programming and computer architecture to computer science and computer engineering students. The LC-3 was developed by Yale N. Patt at the University of Texas at Austin and Sanjay J. Patel at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Their specification of the instruction set, the overall architecture of the LC-3, and a hardware implementation can be found in the second edition of their textbook. Courses based on the LC-3 and Patt and Patel's book are offered in many computer engineering and computer science departments.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Types of Short Text on Social Media
The rapid expansion of social media platforms has resulted in an unprecedented surge of short text content being generated on a daily basis. The different types of short text on social media is essential for developing effective summarization techniques that cater to the unique characteristics of each platform and user interaction.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Dec 2023
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