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Topic Review
Histoplasmosis in Children
Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by a dimorphic fungi and occurring globally. It is endemic in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys of the United States of America, India and Southeast Asia. The clinical presentation of histoplasmosis mimics features seen in tuberculosis (TB) and may be misdiagnosed as such. 
  • 579
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Agents for Paediatric ALK-Positive ALCL
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a peripheral T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with an annual incidence of 1.2 per million children aged under 15. The World Health Organisation (WHO) sub-classifies ALCL into anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive nodal/systemic, ALK-negative nodal/systemic, primary cutaneous and breast implant-associated ALCL. The majority of paediatric ALCL is ALK-positive, usually due to a t(2;5) (p23;q35) chromosomal translocation causing the expression of the oncogenic breakpoint product NPM1-ALK.
  • 579
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sleep Disturbances in Pediatric Cancer Patients
Sleep disturbances represent an understudied yet common source of distress among pediatric cancer patients and survivors, with deleterious effects on quality of life. Sleep issues stem from multiple risk factors, yet individual contributors are difficult to isolate, consequently impeding the identification of targets for intervention.
  • 578
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Fecal Markers of Inflammation in Pediatric Patients
Laboratory tests are an integral part of both the diagnostic and follow-up algorithm of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Their advantages over other non-invasive methods for assessing disease activity are greater objectivity than clinical activity indices and imaging studie.
  • 576
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric NAFLD Diagnosis and Staging
The increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) requires special attention in pediatric patients, as it manifests in them in a more severe and progressive way compared to adults. The implementation of the appropriate therapeutic interventions is determinant of the attempts to treat it. For that purpose, early diagnosis and staging of the disease is essential.
  • 573
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Copper and Copper/Zinc Ratio in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients require a stable and sufficient supply of micronutrients. Since copper is an essential micronutrient for human development, studies are carried out to investigate the serum copper levels, serum copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) ratios, and their relationship with nutritional indicators in a group of CF patients. There was no significant correlation between the serum copper concentrations and respiratory and pancreatic function, respiratory colonization, and the results of the abdominal ultrasound. 
  • 570
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota and Pregnancy
Human bacterial colonization starts during fetal life, in opposition to the previous paradigm of the “sterile womb”. Placenta, amniotic fluid, cord blood and fetal tissues each have their own specific microbiota, influenced by maternal health and habits and having a decisive influence on pregnancy outcome and offspring outcome. The maternal microbiota, especially that colonizing the genital system, starts to influence the outcome of pregnancy already before conception, modulating fertility and the success rate of fertilization, even in the case of assisted reproduction techniques. During the perinatal period, neonatal microbiota seems influenced by delivery mode, drug administration and many other conditions. Special attention must be reserved for early neonatal nutrition, because breastfeeding allows the transmission of a specific and unique lactobiome able to modulate and positively affect the neonatal gut microbiota.
  • 563
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Organoids in Pediatric Brain Tumor Precision Medicine
Malignant brain neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of tumors, including glioma, ependymoma, embryonal tumors, and many other (rare) entities and subentities, affecting patients from birth to adulthood. Organoids emerged as three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems for modeling healthy and diseased tissues. These organoids potentially model development, diseases, and drug responses [13]. They are self-organizing three-dimensional structures that closely mimic an organ or tissue at a morphological, cellular, and functional level.
  • 558
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Impact of Cesarean on the Fetus
Birth is a physiological act that is part of the morpho-functional economy of the maternal body. Each stage in the act of birth has a predetermined pathway that is neurohormonally induced and morpho-functionally established through specific and characteristic adaptations. Cesarean section performed at the request of the mother with no medical underlying conditions besides the prolonged hospitalization risk can also cause breathing problems in children, delayed breastfeeding, and possible complications in a future pregnancy.
  • 556
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Different Vitamin D Supplementation Strategies
Vitamin D (VD) is an essential micronutrient with multiple functions for human growth, and adequate intake should be guaranteed throughout life. However, VD insufficiency is observed in infants all over the world. Low VD concentration in the breast milk of non-supplemented mothers and low compliance to VD daily supplementation are the main causes of VD insufficiency, especially in the long term. Furthermore, VD supplementation dosages are still debated and differ by country. Different dosages and supplementation strategies result in similar VD sufficiency rates. Therefore, international guidelines may be revised in the future to offer multiple and different options of supplementation for specific settings and ages.
  • 551
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Factors in Human Breastmilk
Maternal milk, a complex fluid with several bioactive factors, is the best option for the newborn. Its dynamic composition is influenced by diverse factors such as maternal age, lactation period, and health status. 
  • 551
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Neonatal Intestinal Dysbiosis as a Cause of Disease
The intestinal microbiota consists of trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that achieve a perfect symbiosis with the host. They perform immunological, metabolic, and endocrine functions in the body. The microbiota is formed intrauterine. Dysbiosis is a microbiome disorder characterized by an imbalance in the composition of the microbiota, as well as changes in their functional and metabolic activities. The causes of dysbiosis include improper nutrition in pregnant women, hormone therapy, the use of drugs, especially antibiotics, and a lack of exposure to the mother’s vaginal microbiota during natural birth. Changes in the intestinal microbiota are increasingly being identified in various diseases, starting in the early neonatal period into the adult period. It has become more and more obvious that the components of the intestinal microbiota are crucial for the proper development of the immune system, and its disruption leads to disease.
  • 548
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Reassuring Adults in Pediatric age
Since the earliest stages of the Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) spread, the elderly has been identified as the most vulnerable and health authorities have rightly focused on that population. Minor attention was paid to pediatric populations and their emotional reactions. Actually, children and adolescents faced severe anxiety, fear and stress conditions. An efficient management of the pandemic, therefore, must take into account the pediatric population which cannot be neglected as a minor matter compared to the elderly, the economy and health care. Since the lockdown time is over, children and adolescents must recover sociality, return to living in the open air, rediscover playing, free time, aiming for the beauty of their everyday life. In order to mitigate the long-term impact of COVID-19, the key response is the reassuring presence of the adult as ‘a secure base’. The current study aimed to collect an overview of the recent references that report evidence on the role of adults in containing pandemic anxiety COVID-19 in pediatric populations, suggesting the need to ensure a reassuring presence of the adult, an effective child-parent communication, a child-friendly day and a long-lasting shared time with parents.
  • 546
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cystinosis in Newborn Screening
Newborn screening programmes (NBS) is to identify presymptomatic newborns with rare serious or fatal disorders that can be successfully treated, thereby achieving a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality.  Infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) is a very rare lysosomal metabolic disorder. With the introduction of cysteamine therapy in the early 1980s and the possibility of renal replacement therapy in infancy, patients with cystinosis can now reach adulthood. Early diagnosis of cystinosis remains important as this enables initiation of cysteamine at the earliest opportunity to support renal and patient survival.
  • 542
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pseudomalignancies in Children
The term “pseudomalignancy” covers a large, heterogenous group of diseases characterized by a benign cellular proliferation, hyperplasia, or infiltrate that resembles a true malignancy clinically or histologically.
  • 541
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Erythropoietin for Newborn Infants
Erythropoietin (Epo) is a 30.4 kDa glycoprotein and pleiotropic cytokine, first described by Carnot in 1906 and isolated by Goldwasser and Kung in 1971, successfully produced for clinical use.
  • 540
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Infection and Inflammation Interplay in Pediatric Long COVID
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children and adolescents has generated repercussions, especially a few weeks after infection, for symptomatic patients who tested positive, for asymptomatic ones, or even just the contacts of an infected person, and evolved from severe forms such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) to multifarious clinical manifestations in long COVID (LC). Referred to under the umbrella term LC, the onset of persistent and highly heterogeneous symptoms such as fatigue, post-exertion malaise, cognitive dysfunction, and others have a major impact on the child’s daily quality of life for months. 
  • 530
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Non-Obvious Complications of Obesity in Children
Obesity is currently one of the most significant public health challenges worldwide due to the continuous increase in obesity rates among children, especially younger children. Complications related to obesity, including serious ones, are increasingly being diagnosed in younger children. Symptoms such as feelings of hunger and behavioral and mood disorders, from agitation and irritation to slowness and drowsiness, weakness, even loss of consciousness, increased sweating, and heart palpitations, occur in people without diabetes and are associated with a rapid decrease in blood glucose concentration in response to a carbohydrate-rich food stimulus.
  • 529
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
School-Aged Extremely Preterm (EPT) Children
School-aged extremely preterm (EPT) children have multiple specific neurocognitive/behavioral disorders that are often associated with other disorders; this manifests a true neurobehavioral “phenotype” of prematurity. To determine a profile of cognitive/behavioral impairments in a population of school-aged EPT children (7–10 years-old) without major disabilities, a cross-sectional study was conducted in five medical centers. An algorithm distributed the study population according to four WISC-IV subtests, five NEPSY-2 subtests, and two variables of figure of Rey.
  • 523
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Persistent Inflammation in Cerebral Palsy
Research has established inflammation in the pathogenesis of brain injury and the risk of developing cerebral palsy (CP). However, it is unclear if inflammation is solely pathogenic and primarily contributes to the acute phase of injury, or if inflammation persists with consequence in CP and may therefore be considered a comorbidity. 
  • 523
  • 09 Jan 2023
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