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Topic Review
Microglia Depletion in Spinal Cord Injury Treatment
Microglia, as the resident immune cells and first responder to neurological insults, play an extremely important role in the pathophysiological process of spinal cord injury. On the one hand, microglia respond rapidly and gather around the lesion in the early stage of injury to exert a protective role, but with the continuous stimulation of the injury, the excessive activated microglia secrete a large number of harmful substances, aggravate the injury of spinal cord tissue, and affect functional recovery. The effects of microglia depletion on the repair of spinal cord injury remain unclear, and there is no uniformly accepted paradigm for the removal methods and timing of microglia depletion, but different microglia depletion strategies greatly affect the outcomes after spinal cord injury.
  • 494
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is designed to medialize the glenohumeral joint center of rotation through offset lateralisation and inferiorization of the humerus, thereby increasing the deltoid moment arm.
  • 493
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bioregenerative Therapies in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular disease in adults, and it affects around 250 million people all over the world, with high prevalence of asymptomatic patients. In addition, pain associated with this pathology is one of the main causes of disability worldwide. OA is subcategorized into primary (idiopathic) and secondary. The most common causes of secondary OA are post-traumatic, dysplastic, infectious, and inflammatory processes. Moreover, articular cartilage injuries may lead to the early onset of OA and have a huge negative impact on patients’ function and life quality.
  • 491
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Total Joint Arthroplasty Failure
Total joint arthroplasty is a common restorative surgery. Arthroplasty failure is a major complication of joint replacement surgery. It can be caused by periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) or non-infectious etiologies, and often requires surgical intervention and (in select scenarios) resection and reimplantation of implanted devices. Fast and accurate diagnosis of PJI and non-infectious arthroplasty failure (NIAF) is critical to direct medical and surgical treatment.
  • 487
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Elbow Stiffness Imaging Diagnosis
Loss of elbow motion can lead to disability in everyday gestures, recreational activities, and work. Unfortunately, the elbow joint is particularly prone to stiffness because of its complex anatomy and biomechanics. The etiology of elbow stiffness is varied and must be diagnosed accurately in order to allow optimal treatment, which may be challenging for surgeons and physiotherapists. Its treatment can be either conservative, arthroscopic or surgical, with a trend for arthroscopic procedures when conservative treatment fails. There is no consensus on the optimal imaging workup for elbow joint stiffness, which may have an impact on patient management. 
  • 477
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Advance in Osteosarcoma Cells and Models
Osteosarcoma (OS) is not a uniform mass of cancer cells, but a complex, organ-like structure with diverse cell types influenced by various environmental factors. An individual with OS is subject to a multitude of complex biological, structural, mechanical, and soluble factors that may affect the effectiveness of potential therapeutics. Tumor-associated cells typically located in the vicinity of cancer cells include fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. Structural factors include the architecture of the tumor itself (three-dimensionality), with the spherical nature of cell-to-cell interactions and the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) key features. In addition, the mechanical forces applied by the surrounding microenvironment are important to tumor dynamics. Soluble factors may include gradients of chemicals, such as nutrients and gases, e.g., glucose and oxygen. Accordingly, the need for a more comprehensive range of OS models that precisely simulate this multifaceted tumor microenvironment is imperative for propelling advancements in drug discovery. 
  • 475
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Defects
The repair of critical bone defects is a hotspot of orthopedic research. With the development of bone tissue engineering (BTE), there is increasing evidence showing that the combined application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (MSC-EVs), especially exosomes, with hydrogels, scaffolds, and other bioactive materials has made great progress, exhibiting a good potential for bone regeneration. 
  • 469
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sports and Children with Hemophilia: Current Trends
Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder characterized by a lack of blood factors necessary for clotting. Sports activities have benefits in children with hemophilia in terms of both physical and psychological wellness. Sports activity is necessary for children with hemophilia to preserve joints’ range of motion, reduce joint bleeding, improve muscle mass and strength, enhance proprioception and prevent secondary chronic diseases.
  • 466
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Dental Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Dental-derived MSCs possess similar phenotypes and genotypes like other sources of MSCs along with specific markers such as dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein (DMP) -1, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and STRO-1. Concerning chondrogenicity, there is literature with marginal use of dental-derived MSCs. 
  • 463
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Clavicle Fractures
Clavicle fractures are commonly seen in the pediatric and adolescent populations. In contrast, congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle is rare. Although both conditions may present with similar signs and symptoms, especially in the very young, clear differences exist. Clavicle fractures are often caused by trauma and are tender on palpation, while pseudarthrosis often presents with a painless protuberance on the clavicle, which becomes more prominent as the child grows. Its presence may only become apparent after trauma, as it is usually asymptomatic. 
  • 461
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Orthobiologics in Achilles Tendinopathy
Orthobiologics are biological materials that are intended for the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and soft tissues. Achilles tendinopathy (AT) or tendinitis of the heel is one of the most common ankles and foot overuse injuries. This musculoskeletal disorder usually affects professional and recreational athletes who engage in vigorous physical activities, such as jumping and running, but it may also develop in sedentary individuals. Achilles tendon injuries are often quite devastating because, unlike some tissue types, tendons are poorly vascularized structures that rely upon synovial fluid diffusion to provide nutrition. The typical features of Achilles tendinopathy are failed healing responses, persistent inflammation, and predominant catabolic reactions. Therefore, the application of orthobiologic tools represents a viable solution, considering their demonstrated efficacy, safety, and relatively easy manipulation. Perhaps a synergistic approach regarding the combination of these orthobiologics may promote more significant clinical outcomes rather than individual application.
  • 459
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Spinal Care
From enhancing imaging techniques to predicting patient outcomes, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are revolutionizing the way we approach spinal diseases. AI and ML have significantly improved spinal imaging by augmenting detection and classification capabilities, thereby boosting diagnostic accuracy. Predictive models have also been developed to guide treatment plans and foresee patient outcomes, driving a shift towards more personalized care. 
  • 453
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Kinesio Taping for Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability
Ankle injuries are the most common type of injury in healthy active individuals. If not treated properly, recurrent sprains can lead to a condition of chronic ankle instability (CAI). Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is the process caused by repetitive ankle sprains and multiple episodes of the ankle “giving way” with persistent symptoms. It mainly affects the sports population and is related to multiple inversion injuries.
  • 448
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
TiO2 Used for Better Performance as Orthopedic Implants
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)  is the native oxide layer of Ti which has good biocompatibility as well as enriched physical, chemical, electronic, and photocatalytic properties. The formed nanostructures during fabrication and the enriched properties of TiO2 have enabled various functionalization methods to combat the micro-organisms and enhance the osteogenesis of Ti implants. 
  • 447
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pilates Method in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory neurological disease that affects the myelinated axons in the central nervous system, characterized by neurological deterioration over time. The Pilates Method is a rehabilitation tool with verified benefits in pain management, physical function, and quality of life in many different physiotherapy areas. It could be beneficial for patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS).
  • 442
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Regulation in Osteosarcoma
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which cells exhibiting an epithelial phenotype adopt a mesenchymal phenotype, which facilitates migration, invasion, and metastasis. This entry provides an overview of the role and regulation of EMT in Osteosarcoma, a primary bone malignancy affecting mainly children and young adults.
  • 435
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Cell Death in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a worldwide chronic disease that can cause severe inflammation to damage the surrounding tissue and cartilage. There are many different factors that can lead to osteoarthritis, but abnormally progressed programmed cell death is one of the most important risk factors that can induce osteoarthritis. Prior studies have demonstrated that programmed cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and cuproptosis, has a great connection with osteoarthritis.
  • 435
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
SUMOylation in Skeletal Development and Disease
The modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) molecules, SUMOylation, is a key post-translational modification involved in a variety of biological processes, such as chromosome organization, DNA replication and repair, transcription, nuclear transport, and cell signaling transduction. Emerging evidence has shown that SUMOylation regulates the development and homeostasis of the skeletal system.
  • 428
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pelvic Ring Injuries
Pelvic ring injuries have an estimated annual incidence of 14–37 per 100,000 inhabitants each year. Treatment can be either non-operative or operative, depending on the injury as well as patient characteristics. The operative treatment of pelvic ring injuries remains a challenging task for surgeons due to the complex three-dimensional (3D) shape of the pelvis, morphological variations, limited access to fracture sites, and narrow bone corridors for screw placement. The goal of operative treatment is to restore pelvic symmetry and achieve stable fracture fixation, which allows for early mobilization and good functional outcome at the long-term. 
  • 420
  • 01 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Mechanical Considerations in KOA and PTOA Pathogenesis
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) represents a prevalent and formidable challenge in the management and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders and exerts a substantial impact on global health, particularly in the context of the natural aging process. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) emerges as a distinct clinical manifestation within the realm of osteoarthritis and is interwoven within the landscape of sports injuries and trauma of the joints. Within the realm of sports, athletes are frequently exposed to joint injury and acute mechanical loading that sets the biological stage for the development of PTOA.
  • 420
  • 23 Feb 2024
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