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Topic Review
Symbiotic Radio
The sixth generation (6G) wireless technology aims to achieve global connectivity with environmentally sustainable networks to improve the overall quality of life. The driving force behind these networks is the rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT), which has led to a proliferation of wireless applications across various domains through the massive deployment of IoT devices. Symbiotic radio (SRad) technology is a promising solution that enables cooperative resource-sharing among radio systems through symbiotic relationships.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cancellation (Television)
In television, cancellation refers to the termination of a program by a network, typically because of low viewership, financial losses, low ratings, or unfavourable critical reviews. Other potential reasons for canceling television programs include controversies involving the program's cast, conflicts among the show's staff members or to make room for new programming. Shows whose runs end due to a mutual creative decision by its creators, producers, cast, and the network it airs on (such as Seinfeld, The Sopranos, or The Cosby Show) are not considered to be "cancelled" but rather "concluded" or "ended", with a special last episode called its series finale. Even so, programs that end their runs in this manner are sometimes incorrectly stated to have been cancelled, even if the program was renewed for a final season (such as with American Idol, by which the term was incorrectly applied upon the announcement of Fox, Fremantle Media and 19 Entertainment's decision to renew the show for a 15th and final season in May 2015 to air in 2016); shows that are cancelled traditionally end their runs during the television season in which the program airs first-run episodes at the time, either effective immediately after the announcement is made by the network or until all remaining episodes are broadcast. The Friday night death slot is a perceived graveyard slot in United States television, referring to the idea that a television program in the United States scheduled on Friday evenings is destined for imminent cancellation.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
S3 ViRGE
The S3 Virtual Reality Graphics Engine (ViRGE) graphics chipset was one of the first 2D/3D accelerators designed for the mass market. Introduced in 1995 by then graphics powerhouse S3, Inc., the ViRGE was S3's first foray into 3D-graphics. The S3/Virge was the successor to the successful Trio64V+. ViRGE/325 was pin compatible with the Trio64 chip, retaining the DRAM-framebuffer interface (up to 4MB), and clocking both the core and memory up to 80 MHz. In Windows, Virge was benchmarked as the fastest DRAM-based accelerator of the era. The VRAM-based version, ViRGE/VX, was actually slower in lower resolutions, but had a faster RAMDAC to support high-resolution modes not available on the 325.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Spectrum Reallocation
Middle 20th century frequency allocation assigned much of the radio spectrum to broadcasting. Late in the century, other uses arose and in United States, spectrum reallocation mostly refers to reassigning frequency bands to uses such as wireless broadband, trunking, or point-to-point microwave services. Spectrum reallocation is being done partly through auctions authorized by Title VI (The Spectrum Act) of the payroll tax cut extension passed by Congress on February 17, 2012. Many broadcasters oppose this plan, even though they have been assured that stations will not be forced off the air.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
6BLEMesh
6BLEMesh is a mesh topology standard over Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). 
  • 1.5K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Audio Mastering
Mastering, a form of audio post production, is the process of preparing and transferring recorded audio from a source containing the final mix to a data storage device (the master), the source from which all copies will be produced (via methods such as pressing, duplication or replication). In recent years digital masters have become usual, although analog masters, such as audio tapes, are still being used by the manufacturing industry, notably by a few engineers who have chosen to specialize in analog mastering. Mastering requires critical listening; however, software tools exist to facilitate the process. Results still depend upon the intent of the engineer, the accuracy of the speaker monitors, and the listening environment. Mastering engineers may also need to apply corrective equalization and dynamic compression in order to optimise sound translation on all playback systems. It is standard practice to make a copy of a master recording, known as a safety copy, in case the master is lost, damaged or stolen.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
July 1: Adoption of SOS as the International Distress Signal
SOS is a standardized Morse code distress signal consisting of three short dots, three long dashes, and three short dots (· · · — — — · · ·). Contrary to widespread misconception, the sequence is not an acronym for “Save Our Ship” or “Save Our Souls,” but was selected for its simplicity, rhythmic clarity, and high recognizability in radio transmission. On July 1, 1908, it was formally adopted as the international maritime distress signal, replacing a variety of competing calls and marking a milestone in the regulation of wireless telegraphy.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Jul 2025
Topic Review
Cromemco Dazzler
Cromemco's Dazzler (or TV DAZZLER) is a graphics card for S-100 bus computers. Released in 1976, it is the first commercial color bit-mapped graphics card available for microcomputers. Multiple Dazzler cards could be installed in a single machine and synced together, a feature which could, with minor modification, be used to genlock. Genlocked Dazzler cards drove ColorGraphics Weather Systems displays that generated most of the weather imagery seen on US television in the early 1980s.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ocean Surface Topography Mission
The Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM) on the Jason-2 satellite is an international Earth observation satellite mission that continues the sea surface height measurements begun in 1992 by the joint NASA/CNES TOPEX/Poseidon mission and followed by the NASA/CNES Jason-1 mission launched in 2001.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Comparison of High Definition Optical Disc Formats
This article compares the technical specifications of multiple high definition formats, including HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc; two mutually incompatible, high definition optical disc formats that, beginning in 2006, attempted to improve upon and eventually replace the DVD standard. The two formats remained in a format war until February 19, 2008 when Toshiba, HD DVD's creator, announced plans to cease development, manufacturing and marketing of HD DVD players and recorders. Other high-definition optical disc formats were attempted, including the multi-layered red-laser Versatile Multilayer Disc and a Chinese made format called EVD. Both appear to have been abandoned by their respective developers.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
6G Technology in Mobile-Health Multimedia
Mobile-health (m-health) is described as the application of medical sensors and mobile computing to the healthcare provision. While 5G networks can support a variety of m-health services, applications such as telesurgery, holographic communications, and augmented/virtual reality are already emphasizing their limitations. These limitations apply to both the Quality of Service (QoS) and the Quality of Experience (QoE). However, 6G mobile networks are predicted to proliferate in order to solve these limitations, enabling high QoS and QoE. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Short-Reach Transmission Systems
Short-reach transmission systems are very sensitive to component cost because these systems are often used in a data center, enabling data exchange between many servers and racks.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
6G as Support for IoE and Private Networks
The emergence of the sixth generation of cellular systems (6G) signals a transformative era and ecosystem for mobile communications, driven by demands from technologies like the internet of everything (IoE), V2X communications, and factory automation. The primary goals of 6G include providing sophisticated and high-quality services, extremely reliable and further-enhanced mobile broadband (feMBB), low-latency communication (ERLLC), long-distance and high-mobility communications (LDHMC), ultra-massive machine-type communications (umMTC), extremely low-power communications (ELPC), holographic communications, and quality of experience (QoE), grounded in incorporating massive broad-bandwidth machine-type (mBBMT), mobile broad-bandwidth and low-latency (MBBLL), and massive low-latency machine-type (mLLMT) communications.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
6G-Enabled Smart Cities
The sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication is the successor of fifth-generation (5G) communication. From a technological point of view, it makes use of higher frequency radio bands and provides a higher capacity combined with lower latency, enabling the integration into a single network with increased throughput and reliability. These characteristics make 6G networks ideal for the large-scale adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, especially considering that, in a short time, the devices connected to the IoT infrastructure are expected to reach billions of devices.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Internet of Things Applications in China’s Hospitality Industry
During the current post-epidemic period, hygiene requirements and health needs in the hospitality industry keep increasing, and consumers become more concerned about the cleanliness of hotels and have stronger demands for contactless services in hotels. The growth and popularity of IoT technology in China make it more accessible to a wider range of service industries and provides the basis for the application of IoT in the hospitality industry. The application of IoT devices in hotels mainly includes intelligent robots, intelligent guest control, systems, etc., which helps to realise contactless services in hotels. 
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Efficiency  of a Hybrid  Energy Harvesting  for IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, and buildings that are embedded with sensors, software, and network connectivity, enabling them to collect and exchange data. This exchange of data between the physical and digital worlds allows for a wide range of applications, from smart homes and cities to industrial automation and healthcare. However, a key challenge faced by IoT nodes is the limited availability of energy to support their operations. Typically, these nodes can only function for a few days based on their duty cycle. A solution that aims to ensure the sustainability of IoT applications by addressing this energy challenge is introduced. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
IntelliStar
The IntelliStar was the fifth-generation successor to the WeatherStar systems used by the United States cable and satellite television channel The Weather Channel (TWC), that is used to insert local forecasts and current weather information (such as the "Local on the 8s" segments within its program schedule) into TWC's programming. Like the WeatherStar, it is installed at the cable provider's headend. The IntelliStar has many enhanced features over its predecessor, the Weather Star XL. Like all other WeatherStar systems, the IntelliStar receives its data over a satellite connection and over the Internet. However, unlike the rest of the systems, it has the capability to receive more complex information in a more efficient manner. It also has a DualFeed feature, which allows a selection of two different video feeds. In the event of inclement weather, the DualFeed option would switch from the first (network) feed, to a second (localized) feed, providing weather information to a specific STAR or network of STARs. By doing this, the specified network of STARs could be addressed with weather updates, versus the entire national network of STARs (where such information would be irrelevant). It also has an improved graphics display and dynamic radar capabilities. HiRAD (High Resolution Aggregated Data) technology – which was added to the IntelliStar in 2006 – allows The Weather Channel to choose any city, town or landmark as an observation or forecast site and provide data. Occasionally, the HiRAD function will fail, in which case the National Weather Service sites are used (only the current conditions – and previously, the eight-city product and regional/metro products – are affected significantly). In May 2015, it was announced that all IntelliStar units would be replaced with either the IntelliStar 2 or the IntelliStar 2 Jr. by October 1, 2015. The IntelliStar was discontinued on November 16, 2015.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
IoT-Edge-Cloud Continuum Systems
The rapid growth in the number of interconnected devices on the Internet (referred to as the Internet of Things—IoT), along with the huge volume of data that are exchanged and processed, has created a new landscape in network design and operation. Due to the limited battery size and computational capabilities of IoT nodes, data processing usually takes place on external devices.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Smart Manufacturing and Tactile Internet Based on 5G
For many applications deployed in manufacturing networks, communication latency has been a significant barrier. Despite the constant development of improved communication protocols and standards during Industry 4.0, the latency problem persists, lowering quality of services (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE). Tactile internet (TI), with its high availability, security, and ultra-low latency, will add a new dimension to human-machine interaction (HMI) by enabling haptic and tactile sensations. The tactile internet (TI) is a cutting-edge technology that uses 5G and beyond (B5G) communications to enable real-time interaction of haptic data over the internet between tactile ends. This emerging TI technology is regarded as the next evolutionary step for the Internet of Things (IoT) and is expected to bring about massive changes towards Society 5.0 and to address complex issues in current society. To that end, the 5G mobile communication systems will support the TI at the wireless edge. As a result, TI can be used as a backbone for delay mitigation in conjunction with 5G networks, allowing for ultra-reliable low latency applications like Smart Manufacturing, virtual reality, and augmented reality. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to present the current state of 5G and TI, as well as the challenges and future trends for 5G networks beyond 2021, as well as a conceptual framework for integrating 5G and TI into existing industrial case studies, with a focus on the design aspects and layers of TI, such as the master, network, and slave layers. Finally, the key publications focused on the key enabling technologies of TI are summarized and the beyond 5G era towards Society 5.0 based on cyber-physical systems is discussed.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Electronic Leash
An electronic leash is the pairing (“leashing”) of one or more wireless devices to a host device that allows the user to find misplaced or out-of-sight objects by activating the host device such that the “leashed” object identifies itself. The system is identical in concept to a key pager, but offers multiple codes that allow a single user-operated device to send codes to a large number of objects. Leash systems generally also offer a form of distance measurement that raises an alarm if the leashed object travels more than a selected distance from the operator. An electronic leash with a paired devices usually includes a power source, transmitter and receiver. Optional elements can include tactile, auditory, or visual indicators to help the user realize the distance traveled from the object is past the maximum. Along with the physical elements, it is very common to have a computer program or mobile application to allow for modification of factory settings of distance allowed from source to receiver and the indication of this event occurring.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Nov 2022
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