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Topic Review
The Relationship between Cannabinoids and Cancer
Cannabis is an impressively complex plant, boasting more than 100 cannabinoids in addition to various terpenes and flavonoids. Medical cannabis has seen a rapid expansion in recent years as more patients turn to using it as a solution for various ailments. With more patients turning to this botanical remedy for treatment purposes, a growing demand exists among the scientific and medical communities to investigate how cannabis orchestrates its effects within the body; this goes beyond simply understanding potential merits and risks. The National Cancer Institute acknowledges the therapeutic potential of Cannabis sativa, particularly Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), in alleviating various symptoms associated with cancer, including pain, appetite loss, nausea, and anxiety. 
  • 389
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Innovation Technology for Huntington’s Disease Rehabilitation
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the repetition of cytosine, adenine, and guanine trinucleotides on the short arm of chromosome 4p16.3 within the Huntingtin gene. Given the considerable impact the disease has on the patient’s personal, relational, and psychophysical sphere, rehabilitation approaches are an excellent option to treat these patients. 
  • 388
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Stress: Influences and Determinants of Psychopathology
The stress response is a natural physiological reaction of the organism, elicited to maintain the internal environment and evoke adaptive behaviors, ultimately leading to survival. However, at the turn of the century, stress-related disorders gained increasing significance. The aim of entry is to explore the fundamental question of when the stress system changes from a beneficial to a detrimental system, contributing to a higher risk of the development of disorders and/or diseases. To develop context, here, we explore the different concepts of stress and reveal the complexities, perspectives, and multiple relationships between the neurochemistry, cerebral functional network, and associated pathologies. According to the literature, the stress response affects nearly every biological system through the close interactions between the physiological, nervous, endocrine, and immune systems when faced with a real or perceived threat. Considering today’s challenging times, where people are facing multiple unavoidable adversities in their lives and a level of uncertainty never before seen, this review emphasizes the importance of understanding the potential consequences of being unable to cope with stressful events. Susceptibility and resilience to stress have gained recognition as important areas of study. The literature presented here enhances our understanding and identifies the causes of various psychopathologies, mental health conditions, disabilities, and even mortality that are closely linked to vulnerability to stress. Experimental studies from recent decades have demonstrated the many factors affecting our ability to cope with stress, including differences between individuals due to their genetic background, epigenetic regulation, gender, and early-life experiences. Finally, there is an urgent need to change the paradigm of modern lifestyles as a potential strategy to prevent the spread of the “health epidemic of the 21st century”, which is stress. Therefore, we acknowledge different approaches to enhance resilience, focusing on perception, tolerance, and positive lifestyle behaviors.
  • 386
  • 24 Jun 2024
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing
The complexity of CRISPR-Cas9 applications in GBM research is highlighted, providing unique insights into apoptosis, cell proliferation, and immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. The studies challenge conventional perspectives on specific genes, emphasizing the potential therapeutic implications of manipulating key molecular players in cell cycle dynamics. Exploring CRISPR/Cas9 gene therapy in GBMs yields significant insights into the regulation of cellular processes, spanning cell interphase, renewal, and migration. Researchers, by precisely targeting specific genes, uncover the molecular orchestration governing cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation during critical phases of the cell cycle. The findings underscore the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in unraveling the complex dynamics of the GBM microenvironment, offering promising avenues for targeted therapies to curb GBM growth. 
  • 384
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Oral Disease Modifying Therapy on Multiple Sclerosis-Related Fatigue
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system by causing inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration. Fatigue is the most prevalent and one of the most disabling symptoms among people with MS (pwMS). Due to its complexity and subjective character, fatigue is still little understood despite its frequent occurrence and severe impact.
  • 382
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
rs-fMRI in Motor and Sensory
Stroke is a major leading cause of chronic disability, often affecting patients’ motor and sensory functions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the most commonly used method of functional neuroimaging, and it allows for the non-invasive study of brain activity. The time-dependent coactivation of different brain regions at rest is described as resting-state activation. As a non-invasive task-independent functional neuroimaging approach, resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) may provide therapeutically useful information on both the focal vascular lesion and the connectivity-based reorganization and subsequent functional recovery in stroke patients.
  • 377
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Calcium-Associated Proteins in Neuroregeneration
The dysregulation of intracellular calcium levels is a critical factor in neurodegeneration, leading to the aberrant activation of calcium-dependent processes and, ultimately, cell death. Ca2+ signals vary in magnitude, duration, and the type of neuron affected. A moderate Ca2+ concentration can initiate certain cellular repair pathways and promote neuroregeneration. 
  • 367
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Interaction of Prokineticin Receptors with Accessory Proteins
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane proteins that mediate the intracellular pathway of signals not only through heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) but also through their associations with a variety of additional partner proteins. Prokineticin receptors 1 (PKR1) and 2 (PKR2) are new members of the GPCRs whose ligands are the novel chemokines prokineticin 1 (PK1) and prokineticin 2 (PK2). The multiplicity of G proteins coupled to PKRs, the ability of PKR2 to heterodimerize, the interaction of PKR2 with accessory proteins, and the existence of alternative splice isoforms of PKR2/PK2 explain the complexity of the system in the signal transduction pathway and, consequently, in the modulation of various physiological and pathological functions. Knowledge of these mechanisms provides the basis for the development of targeted drugs with therapeutic efficacy in PK-dependent diseases.
  • 358
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of ER in Maintaining Neuron Cell Homeostasis
Efficient brain function requires as much as 20% of the total oxygen intake to support normal neuronal cell function. This level of oxygen usage, however, leads to the generation of free radicals, and thus can lead to oxidative stress and potentially to age-related cognitive decay and even neurodegenerative diseases. The regulation of this system requires a complex monitoring network to maintain proper oxygen homeostasis. Furthermore, the high content of mitochondria in the brain has elevated glucose demands, and thus requires a normal redox balance. Maintaining this is mediated by adaptive stress response pathways that permit cells to survive oxidative stress and to minimize cellular damage. These stress pathways rely on the proper function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular pathway responsible for normal ER function and cell survival.
  • 354
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dysregulated Resolution of Inflammation After Respiratory Viral Infections
Following respiratory viral infections, some individuals experience an incomplete resolution of inflammation, leading to prolonged activation of macrophages and microglia and the persistence of a neuroinflammatory environment. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress further amplify pro-inflammatory signaling, while insufficient production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (such as resolvins and protectins) prevents the restoration of homeostasis. These interconnected processes can result in long-lasting neurological symptoms, including neuropathic pain, fatigue, and cognitive impairment.
  • 16
  • 02 Dec 2025
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