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Topic Review Video
Graph Burning
The graph burning problem is a relatively new combinatorial optimization problem that helps quantify a graph's vulnerability. It is defined in terms of a fundamental diffusion model.
  • 729
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Shibboleth
Shibboleth is a single sign-on log-in system for computer networks and the Internet. It allows people to sign in using just one identity to various systems run by federations of different organizations or institutions. The federations are often universities or public service organizations. The Shibboleth Internet2 middleware initiative created an architecture and open-source implementation for identity management and federated identity-based authentication and authorization (or access control) infrastructure based on Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML). Federated identity allows the sharing of information about users from one security domain to the other organizations in a federation. This allows for cross-domain single sign-on and removes the need for content providers to maintain user names and passwords. Identity providers (IdPs) supply user information, while service providers (SPs) consume this information and give access to secure content.
  • 723
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Shibboleth (Shibboleth Consortium)
Shibboleth is a single sign-on log-in system for computer networks and the Internet. It allows people to sign in using just one identity to various systems run by federations of different organizations or institutions. The federations are often universities or public service organizations. The Shibboleth Internet2 middleware initiative created an architecture and open-source implementation for identity management and federated identity-based authentication and authorization (or access control) infrastructure based on Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML). Federated identity allows the sharing of information about users from one security domain to the other organizations in a federation. This allows for cross-domain single sign-on and removes the need for content providers to maintain user names and passwords. Identity providers (IdPs) supply user information, while service providers (SPs) consume this information and give access to secure content.
  • 693
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain Technology in Agricultural Products and Food Applications
Compared with the traditional centralized information supervision mode, the application of blockchain as a new scientific and technological innovation technology in the management of agricultural products and food supply chain can promote a more refined management of agricultural products and food, and provide feasible ideas for ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products and food.  
  • 691
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Smart Parking System Based on Edge-Cloud-Dew Computing Architecture
In a smart parking system, the license plate recognition service controls the car’s entry and exit and plays the core role in the parking lot system. When the Internet is interrupted, the parking lot’s business will also be interrupted. Hence, an Edge-Cloud-Dew architecture for the mobile industry was proposed in order to tackle this critical problem. The architecture has an innovative design, including LAN-level deployment, Platform-as-a-Dew Service (PaaDS), the dew version of license plate recognition, and the dew type of machine learning model training. Based on these designs, the architecture presents many benefits, such as: (1) reduced maintenance and deployment issues and increased dew service reliability and sustainability; (2) effective release of the network constraint on cloud computing and increase in the horizontal and vertical scalability of the system; (3) enhancement of dew computing to resolve the heavy computing process problem; and (4) proposal of a dew type of machine learning training mechanism without requiring periodic retraining, but with acceptable accuracy. 
  • 679
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Revisiting the High-Performance Reconfigurable Computing
Modern datacenters are reinforcing the computational power and energy efficiency by assimilating field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The sustainability of this large-scale integration depends on enabling multi-tenant FPGAs. This requisite amplifies the importance of communication architecture and virtualization method with the required features in order to meet the high-end objective.
  • 661
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Juniper M Series
Juniper M series is a line of multiservice edge routers designed and manufactured by Juniper Networks, for enterprise and service provider networks. It spans over M7i, M10i, M40e, M120, and M320 platforms with 5 Gbit/s up to 160 Gbit/s of full-duplex throughput. The M40 router was the first product by Juniper Networks, which was released in 1998. The M-series routers run on JUNOS Operating System.
  • 660
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Efficient Authentication Protocol and Its Application
Chaos theory and its extension into cryptography have generated significant applications in industrial mixing, pulse width modulation, and electric compaction. Likewise, it has merited applications in authentication mechanisms for wireless power transfer systems. Wireless power transfer (WPT) via resonant inductive coupling mechanism enables the charging of electronic devices devoid of cords and wires.
  • 648
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Grand Central Dispatch
Grand Central Dispatch (GCD or libdispatch), is a technology developed by Apple Inc. to optimize application support for systems with multi-core processors and other symmetric multiprocessing systems. It is an implementation of task parallelism based on the thread pool pattern. The fundamental idea is to move the management of the thread pool out of the hands of the developer, and closer to the operating system. The developer injects "work packages" into the pool oblivious of the pool's architecture. This model improves simplicity, portability and performance. GCD was first released with Mac OS X 10.6, and is also available with iOS 4 and above. The name "Grand Central Dispatch" is a reference to Grand Central Terminal. The source code for the library that provides the implementation of GCD's services, libdispatch, was released by Apple under the Apache License on September 10, 2009. It has been ported to FreeBSD 8.1+, MidnightBSD 0.3+, Linux, and Solaris. Attempts in 2011 to make libdispatch work on Windows were not merged into upstream. Apple has its own port of libdispatch.dll for Windows shipped with Safari and iTunes, but no SDK is provided. Since around 2017, the original libdispatch repository hosted by Nick Hutchinson was deprecated in favor of a version that is part of the Swift core library created in June 2016. The new version supports more platforms, notably including Windows.
  • 640
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Range Encoding
Range encoding is an entropy coding method defined by G. Nigel N. Martin in a 1979 paper, which effectively rediscovered the FIFO arithmetic code first introduced by Richard Clark Pasco in 1976. Given a stream of symbols and their probabilities, a range coder produces a space-efficient stream of bits to represent these symbols and, given the stream and the probabilities, a range decoder reverses the process. Range coding is very similar to arithmetic encoding, except that encoding is done with digits in any base, instead of with bits, and so it is faster when using larger bases (e.g. a byte) at small cost in compression efficiency. After the expiration of the first (1978) arithmetic coding patent, range encoding appeared to clearly be free of patent encumbrances. This particularly drove interest in the technique in the open source community. Since that time, patents on various well-known arithmetic coding techniques have also expired.
  • 636
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Data Integrity Tracking and Verification System
Data integrity is a prerequisite for ensuring data availability of IoT data and has received extensive attention in the field of IoT big data security. Stream computing systems are widely used in the field of IoT for real-time data acquisition and computing. The real-time, volatility, suddenness, and disorder of stream data make data integrity verification difficult. The data integrity tracking and verification system is constructed based on a data integrity verification algorithm scheme of the stream computing system (S-DIV) to  track and analyze the message data stream in real time. By verifying the data integrity of message during the whole life cycle, the problem of data corruption or data loss can be found in time, and error alarm and message recovery can be actively implemented.
  • 629
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Timeline of Open-Source Software
This article presents a timeline of events related to popular free/open-source software. For a narrative explaining the overall development, see the related history of free and open-source software. The Achievements column documents achievements a project attained at some point in time (not necessarily when it was first released).
  • 627
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Computing 1990–99
This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing from 1990 to 1999. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the History of computing.
  • 619
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dask
Dask is a flexible open-source Python library for parallel computing. Dask scales Python code from multi-core local machines to large distributed clusters in the cloud. Dask provides a familiar user interface by mirroring the APIs of other libraries in the PyData ecosystem including: Pandas, Scikit-learn and NumPy. It also exposes low-level APIs that help programmers run custom algorithms in parallel. Dask was created by Matthew Rocklin in December 2014 and has over 9.8k stars and 500 contributors on GitHub. Dask is used by retail, financial, governmental organizations, as well as life science and geophysical institutes. Walmart, Wayfair, JDA, GrubHub, General Motors, NVIDIA, Harvard Medical School, Capital One and NASA are among the organizations that use Dask.
  • 608
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
SLinCA@Home
SLinCA@Home (Scaling Laws in Cluster Aggregation) was a research project that uses Internet-connected computers to do research in fields such as physics and materials science.
  • 606
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Conservation and Restoration OpenLab
Open laboratories (OpenLabs) in Cultural Heritage institutions are an effective way to provide visibility into the behind-the-scenes processes and promote documentation data collected and produced by domain specialists. Cultural Heritage (CH) institutions have been adopting new practices to improve their services and meet the preferences and needs of potential audiences. One such practice is the transformation of conservation and restoration (CnR) laboratories into OpenLabs, which allow visitors to see the various processes that take place “behind the scenes” .
  • 599
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Trust Computation in Internet of Vehicles
The current trust computation scheme in Internet of Vehicles, according to the adopted decision logic, can be divided into different approaches based on multi-weight fusion, Bayesian inference (BI), the Dempster–Shafer (D-S) theory, fuzzy logic, and three-valued subjective logic (3VSL), etc.
  • 583
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Dynamic Feedback-Driven Learning Optimization Framework
A novel approach named the Dynamic Feedback-Driven Learning Optimization Framework (DFDLOF), aimed at personalizing educational pathways through machine learning technology.
  • 582
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SGI Octane
Octane series of IRIX workstations was developed and sold by SGI in the 2000s. Octane and Octane2 are two-way multiprocessing-capable workstations, originally based on the MIPS Technologies R10000 microprocessor. Newer Octanes are based on the R12000 and R14000. The Octane2 has four improvements: a revised power supply, system board, and Xbow ASIC. The Octane2 has VPro graphics and supports all the VPro cards. Later revisions of the Octane include some of the improvements introduced in the Octane2. The codenames for the Octane and Octane2 are "Racer" and "Speedracer" respectively. The Octane is the direct successor to the Indigo2, and was succeeded by the Tezro, and its immediate sibling is the O2. SGI withdrew the Octane2 from the price book on May 26, 2004, and ceased Octane2 production on June 25, 2004. Support for the Octane2 ceased in June 2009. Octane III was introduced in early 2010 after SGI's bankruptcy reorganization. It is a series of Intel based deskside systems, as a Xeon-based workstation with 1 or 2 3U EATX trays, or as cluster servers with 10 system trays configured with up to 10 Twin Blade nodes or 20 Intel ATOM MINI-ITX nodes.
  • 580
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Atom (Web Standard)
The name Atom applies to a pair of related Web standards. The Atom Syndication Format is an XML language used for web feeds, while the Atom Publishing Protocol (AtomPub or APP) is a simple HTTP-based protocol for creating and updating web resources. Web feeds allow software programs to check for updates published on a website. To provide a web feed, the site owner may use specialized software (such as a content management system) that publishes a list (or "feed") of recent articles or content in a standardized, machine-readable format. The feed can then be downloaded by programs that use it, like websites that syndicate content from the feed, or by feed reader programs that allow internet users to subscribe to feeds and view their content. A feed contains entries, which may be headlines, full-text articles, excerpts, summaries or links to content on a website along with various metadata. The Atom format was developed as an alternative to RSS. Ben Trott, an advocate of the new format that became Atom, believed that RSS had limitations and flaws—such as lack of on-going innovation and its necessity to remain backward compatible—and that there were advantages to a fresh design. Proponents of the new format formed the IETF Atom Publishing Format and Protocol Workgroup. The Atom Syndication Format was published as an IETF proposed standard in RFC 4287 (December 2005), and the Atom Publishing Protocol was published as RFC 5023 (October 2007).
  • 576
  • 02 Nov 2022
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