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Topic Review
Precision Oliviculture
Precision oliviculture (PO) is having an increasing scientific interest and impact on the sector. Its implementation depends on various technological developments: sensors for local and remote crop monitoring, global navigation satellite system (GNSS), equipment and machinery to perform site-specific management through variable rate application (VRA), implementation of geographic information systems (GIS), and systems for analysis, interpretation, and decision support (DSS). 
  • 966
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Applications and Outlook of Soil Moisture Products
Soil moisture (SM), the moisture content in the soil, is a crucial component in the hydrological cycle; it links atmospheric precipitation and underground water and is also an important parameter of energy exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere. Consequently, SM is recognized as an essential element in studies aimed at analyzing and understanding Earth system processes, such as climate change and ecological evolution. Specifically, the available water content, which is essential for vegetation growth, is one of the most important components of soil and has crucial guiding significance for agricultural production. Currently, both ground and spaceborne sensors are used to derive the original SM information. Numerous technologies, such as statistical models, data fusion, machine learning, and assimilation approaches, are widely used to improve SM quality. Additionally, SM datasets with high spatial-temporal resolution are valuable for boosting agricultural production in terms of drought and flood monitoring, crop growth analysis, and yield estimation.
  • 961
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Microseismic Monitoring and Analysis with Cutting-Edge Technology
Microseismic monitoring is a useful enabler for reservoir characterization without which the information on the effects of reservoir operations such as hydraulic fracturing, enhanced oil recovery, carbon dioxide, or natural gas geological storage would be obscured. The global energy demand is projected to increase. To meet the increasing energy demand requires new technologies to exploit unconventional reserves. Similarly, calls for climate actions such as carbon geosequestration, hydrogen generation, and geological hydrogen storage will require an improvement in reservoir characterization methods.
  • 944
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Lava Tubes' Radar Observation on Moon and Mars
Lava tubes are tunnel–like structures within lava flows and can vary in diameter, length, and shape. Due to the Moon and Mars both having low–gravity environments, the lava tubes on these celestial bodies can have volumes that are 1–3 orders of magnitude larger than those found on Earth.
  • 943
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
PCO2 in Inland Waters
The traditional field-based measurements of carbon dioxide (pCO2) for inland waters are a snapshot of the conditions on a particular site, which might not adequately represent the pCO2 variation of the entire lake. However, these field measurements can be used in the pCO2 remote sensing modeling and verification. By focusing on inland waters (including lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and streams), this paper reviews the temporal and spatial variability of pCO2 based on published data. The results indicate the significant daily and seasonal variations in pCO2 in lakes. 
  • 939
  • 31 Jan 2022
Topic Review
STEPLand Framework
This contribution assesses a new term that is proposed to be established within Land Change Science: Spatio-TEmporal Patterns of Land (‘STEPLand’). It refers to a specific workflow for analyzing land-use/land cover (LUC) patterns, identifying and modeling driving forces of LUC changes, assessing socio-environmental consequences, and contributing to defining future scenarios of land transformations. Researchers define this framework based on a comprehensive metaanalysis of 250 selected articles published in international scientific journals from 2000 to 2019. The empirical results demonstrate that STEPLand is a consolidated protocol applied globally, and the large diversity of journals, disciplines, and countries involved shows that it is becoming ubiquitous. The main characteristics of STEPLand are provided and discussed, demonstrating that the operational procedure can facilitate the interaction among researchers from different fields, and communication between researchers and policy makers.
  • 922
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mapping and Monitoring Informal Settlements Using RS Technologies
Research on the detection of informal settlements has increased since 1990s owing to the availability of high- to very-high-spatial-resolution satellite imagery. The achievement of development goals, such as the Sustainable Development Goals, requires access to up-to-date information on informal settlements.
  • 890
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Geomatic Sensors for Heritage Documentation
Geomatic technologies have been widely populated for cultural heritage applications, while the scientific field is quite broad: from underwater to close-range to low-altitude and satellite observations. Geomatic sensors have been used in applications such as close-range approaches with red-green-blue (RGB) cameras and Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS), as well as underwater studies. Low-altitude sensors on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have also been widely used with RGB and multispectral cameras, as well as lidar and thermal sensors.
  • 890
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Weakly Supervised Object Detection for Remote Sensing Images
To account for the lack of fine-grained annotations, such as object bounding boxes, several object detection methods have been developed that leverage only coarse-grain annotations (especially image-level labels indicating only the presence or absence of an object). This approach is called inexact Weak Supervision and introduces a new branch of Object Detection called Weakly Supervised Object Detection. Given an image, Remote Sensing Fully Supervised Object Detection (RSFSOD) aims to locate and classify objects based on Bounding Boxes annotations. Differently from RSFSOD, Remote Sensing Weakly Supervised Object Detection aims to precisely locate and classify object instances in Remote Sensing Images using only image-level labels or other types of coarse-grained labels (e.g., points or scribbles) as ground truth. 
  • 886
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning-Based Weed Detection Using UAV Images
Deep learning-based weed detection using UAV images. Recently, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has made significant progress in its design and capability, including payload flexibility, communication and connectivity, navigation and autonomy, speed and flight time, which has potential to revolutionize the precision agriculture.
  • 870
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Supervised Deep-Learning Models for Multispectral Change Detection
Remote sensing is a tool of interest for a large variety of applications. It is becoming increasingly more useful with the growing amount of available remote sensing data. The large amount of data also leads to a need for improved automated analysis. Deep learning is a natural candidate for solving this need. Change detection in remote sensing is a rapidly evolving area of interest that is relevant for a number of fields. There are a large number of publications and progress, even though the challenge is far from solved. Multispectral images are common in remote sensing and well suited for change detection purposes thanks to their good balance of spatial and spectral resolution, capturing important details. Various data sets for change detection have been openly published online and a growing number of models has been introduced in the literature, both supervised, unsupervised and semi-supervised. 
  • 864
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Tree Detection and Crown Delineation using UAV-SfM Data
Accurate detection and delineation of individual trees and their crowns in dense forest environments are essential for forest management and ecological applications. This research explores the potential of combining leaf-off and leaf-on structure from motion (SfM) data products from unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with RGB cameras.
  • 858
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Remote Sensing of Geomorphodiversity Linked to Biodiversity
Remote sensing (RS) enables a cost-effective, extensive, continuous and standardized monitoring of traits and trait variations of geomorphology and its processes, from the local to the continental scale. RS technologies can record geomorphic traits, their diversity and variations, from which the other four geomorphodiversity characteristics are derived. However, compared to in situ measurements, RS approaches can only record certain parts of these geomorphic traits and their variations. This is because capturing geomorphic traits and diversity using RS approaches is limited by various constraints, namely: (1) the characteristics and spatial-temporal distribution of geomorphic traits; (2) the characteristics of geomorphological processes; as well as (3) the RS sensor characteristics, the chosen RS platforms and the characteristics of RS data-processing and classification information. These constraints and limitations define the detectability, feasibility, accuracy, depth of information, repeatability, and, thus, standards disability in monitoring the five geomorphic characteristics using RS approaches.
  • 857
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Land Use Change Detection
Land use change detection (LUCD) is a critical technology with applications in various fields, including forest disturbance, cropland changes, and urban expansion.
  • 832
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Irrigation Information Retrievals
Irrigation represents one of the most impactful human interventions in the terrestrial water cycle. Knowing the distribution and extent of irrigated areas as well as the amount of water used for irrigation plays a central role in modeling irrigation water requirements and quantifying the impact of irrigation on regional climate, river discharge, and groundwater depletion. Obtaining high-quality global information about irrigation is challenging, especially in terms of quantification of the water actually used for irrigation.
  • 823
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Contrastive Learning for Hyperspectral Image Classification
Despite the rapid development of deep learning in hyperspectral image classification (HSIC), most models require a large amount of labeled data, which are both time-consuming and laborious to obtain. However, contrastive learning can extract spatial–spectral features from samples without labels, which helps to solve the above problem. 
  • 819
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sensing and Measurement Techniques for Nature-Based Solutions Evaluation
Sensing and measurement techniques are necessary to study, evaluate, and understand the complex physical and chemical interactions that must occur for the successful deployment of nature-based solutions (NbS). Sensing and measurement techniques can provide useful meteorological and physiological data on nature-based interventions between different spatial, spectral, temporal, and thematic scales. Because NbS encompass research from across different fields, it is essential to reduce barriers to knowledge dissemination, and enable the circulation of information across different jurisdictions. 
  • 798
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Height Estimation with Aerial Images
Height estimation is a key component of 3D scene understanding and has long held a significant position in the domains of remote sensing and computer vision. Initial research predominantly focused on stereo or multi-view image matching. With the advent of large-scale depth datasets, research focus has shifted. The effort is centered on estimating distance information from monocular 2D images using supervised learning. Monocular height estimation approaches can be generally categorized into three types: methodologies based on handcrafted features, methodologies utilizing convolutional neural networks (CNN), and methodologies based on attention mechanisms.
  • 797
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Remote Sensing in Wind Erosion Studies
Remote sensing (RS) has revolutionized field data collection processes and provided timely and spatially consistent acquisition of data on the terrestrial landscape properties. The study of wind erosion involves a range of research techniques, such as laboratory and field measurements, modelling, and the use of remote sensing (RS) technologies.
  • 788
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
New Technical Methods in Plant Protection
The various areas of ultra-sensitive remote sensing research equipment development have provided new ways for assessing crop states. However, even the most promising areas of research, such as hyperspectral remote sensing or Raman spectrometry, have not yet led to stable results.
  • 779
  • 15 Jun 2023
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