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Topic Review
Materials for Frequency Down-Conversion Light-Emitting Diodes
Luminescent carbon dots (CDs) are a new form of nanocarbon quantum dot (QD) that have gained a huge amount of interest in recent years for their properties; in particular, their optical properties make them suitable for light-emitting diode (LED) manufacturing. One of the most frequently used methods for obtaining different emission spectra is color conversion, typically used for high CRI and white LEDs and displays, where the lowest emission wavelength source pumps other layers of materials, commonly called phosphors, that induce a conversion to the highest wavelengths.
  • 677
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Smart Drinking Hardware Water Monitoring System
This paper presents an innovative smart drinking water monitoring system designed to automate the refill process for water dispensers and deliver timely filter replacement alerts, specifically tailored for single-user households. The system utilizes sensors to provide real-time monitoring of water quality, measuring temperature, pH levels, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Users can remotely track these parameters—temperature, pH levels, and TDS—through a mobile application powered by Blynk, a low-code Internet of Things (IoT) platform that connects devices. This real-time system ensures users have convenient access to clean drinking water while eliminating the need for manual monitoring of refills and filter replacements. The proposed Smart Drinking Water Monitoring System revolutionizes traditional water dispensers by automating the refill process and supplying data-driven filter replacement reminders in real-time. By continuously tracking water quality through key metrics like temperature, pH levels, and TDS, the system allows users to remotely monitor developments via a mobile or web app integrated with Blynk's IoT platform. Alerts are generated when pH levels or TDS values deviate from the recommended ranges, suggesting potential filter replacements or maintenance actions are needed.
  • 677
  • 17 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Emerging Applications of 6G
Emerging technologies continue to grow across diverse fields and facilitate a variety of services that benefit all kinds of end users. The suitability of indoor wireless networks in delivering 6G applications depends on the QoS requirements of the applications. 
  • 672
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Event Tracking Sensitivity Analysis for Drilling Disaster Management
In sub-surface drilling rigs, one key critical crisis is unwanted influx into the borehole as a result of increasing the influx rate while drilling deeper into a high-pressure gas formation. Although established risk assessments in drilling rigs provide a high degree of protection, uncertainty arises due to the behavior of the formation being drilled into, which may cause crucial situations at the rig. To overcome such uncertainties, real-time sensor measurements are used to predict, and thus prevent, such crises. 
  • 666
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Low-Temperature Heating for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have the advantages of high energy/power densities, low self-discharge rate, and long cycle life, and thus are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs). However, at low temperatures, the peak power and available energy of LIBs drop sharply, with a high risk of lithium plating during charging. This poor performance significantly impacts the application of EVs in cold weather and dramatically limits the promotion of EVs in high-latitude regions.
  • 665
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
MF-DCMANet for PolSAR Target Recognition
Multi-polarization SAR data offers an advantage over single-polarization SAR data in that it not only provides amplitude (intensity) information but also records backward scattering information of the target under different polarization states, which can be represented through the polarimetric scattering matrix.
  • 663
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Electroencephalography Data Analysis Software
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a mechanism to understand the brain’s functioning by analyzing brain electrical signals. More recently, it has been more commonly used in studies that are focused on the causation and effect of dementia. More tools are now available to gather EEG data. This brings about the challenge of understanding brain signals, which involves signal processing. Professionals with an electrical engineering background are very comfortable analyzing EEG data. Still, scientists in computer science and related fields need a source that can identify all the tools available and the process of analyzing the data.
  • 663
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Intelligent Wearable Systems for Diagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathy
The automated diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy (PN) has been performed in many studies where only a single sensor or technique is used for the data acquisition purpose. These techniques are based on analyzing foot plantar pressure or gait analysis, vibration- and sensitivity-based confocal microscopic image processing, thermal image processing, ultrasound scanner, and nerve conduction studies (NCS) or electromyography (EMG). However, in order to diagnose peripheral neuropathy, a continuous source of data is necessary to diagnose and track the progression of PN. Image-based approaches can provide a feasible way of detecting PN. In a number of research studies, a subject’s gait is analyzed using cameras, but, due to the camera’s limited field of view, it cannot provide continuous data which can result in missed data points. Similarly, other non-wearable techniques such as vibration- or perception-based methods and thermal images provide suitable ways for the detection of PN, but these types of methods are not suitable for long-term data collection which is vital for the diagnosis and progression of PN. For this purpose, wearable sensors are the most suitable way to collect continuous data, as wearable devices are designed in such a way that they can be easily worn by patients and attached to the human body directly. They also provide a way to collect and store patient activity data for later use.
  • 661
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Distributed Generations and Capacitor Banks in Distribution Systems
Integration of Distributed generations (DGs) and capacitor banks (CBs) in distribution systems (DS) have the potential to enhance the system’s overall capabilities. This work demonstrates the application of a hybrid optimization technique the applies an available renewable energy potential (AREP)-based, hybrid-enhanced grey wolf optimizer–particle swarm optimization (AREP-EGWO-PSO) algorithm for the optimum location and sizing of DGs and CBs. EGWO is a metaheuristic optimization technique stimulated by grey wolves, and PSO is a swarm-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm. Hybridization of both algorithms finds the optimal solution to a problem through the movement of the particles. Using this hybrid method, multi-criterion solutions are obtained, such as technical, economic, and environmental, and these are enriched using multi-objective functions (MOF), namely minimizing active power losses, voltage deviation, the total cost of electrical energy, total emissions from generation sources and enhancing the voltage stability index (VSI). 
  • 659
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sensor Network Environments
New technologies have driven the rise of what is being termed as the fourth industrial revolution. The introduction of this new revolution is amalgamating the cyber and physical worlds, bringing with it many benefits, such as the advent of industry 4.0, the internet of things, cloud technologies and smart homes and cities. These new and exciting areas are poised to have significant advantages for society; they can increase the efficiency of many systems and increase the quality of life of people. However, these emerging technologies can potentially have downsides, if used incorrectly or maliciously by bad entities. The rise of the widespread use of sensor networks to allow the mentioned systems to function has brought with it many security vulnerabilities that conventional “hard security” measures cannot mitigate. It is for this reason that a new “soft security” approach is being taken in conjunction with the conventional security means. Trust models offer an efficient way of mitigating the threats posed by malicious entities in networks that conventional security methods may not be able to combat. 
  • 659
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
P4UIoT: Pay-Per-Piece Patch Update Delivery for IoT Using Gradual Release
P4UIoT—pay-per-piece patch update delivery for IoT using gradual release—introduces a distributed framework for delivering patch updates to IoT devices. The framework facilitates distribution via peer-to-peer delivery networks and incentivizes the distribution operation. The peer-to-peer delivery network reduces load by delegating the patch distribution to the nodes of the network, thereby protecting against a single point of failure and reducing costs. Distributed file-sharing solutions currently available in the literature are limited to sharing popular files among peers. In contrast, the proposed protocol incentivizes peers to distribute patch updates, which might be relevant only to IoT devices, using a blockchain-based lightning network. A manufacturer/owner named vendor of the IoT device commits a bid on the blockchain, which can be publicly verified by the members of the network. The nodes, called distributors, interested in delivering the patch update, compete among each other to exchange a piece of patch update with cryptocurrency payment. The pay-per-piece payments protocol addresses the problem of misbehavior between IoT devices and distributors as either of them may try to take advantage of the other. The pay-per-piece protocol is a form of a gradual release of a commodity like a patch update, where the commodity can be divided into small pieces and exchanged between the sender and the receiver building trust at each step as the transactions progress into rounds. The permissionless nature of the framework enables the proposal to scale as it incentivizes the participation of individual distributors. Thus, compared to the previous solutions, the proposed framework can scale better without any overhead and with reduced costs. A combination of the Bitcoin lightning network for cryptocurrency incentives with the BitTorrent delivery network is used to present a prototype of the proposed framework. Finally, a financial and scalability evaluation of the proposed framework is presented.
  • 652
  • 31 May 2020
Topic Review
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), which are integral to the infrastructure of intelligent transport systems, facilitate the critical exchange of information between vehicular nodes.
  • 652
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Evolution of Flexible Sensors in Medical Applications
This article explores the development and significance of flexible capacitive pressure sensors (CPS) in medical applications. It begins by tracing the historical origins of capacitive sensing and highlights the recent advancements that have made flexible CPS a vital technology in the healthcare industry. The article delves into key applications of CPS, such as wearable health monitors, artificial skin for prosthetics, minimally invasive medical devices, and implantable cardiac monitors. Through various case studies, it illustrates how these sensors enhance patient care by offering continuous, accurate, and non-invasive monitoring. The article concludes by discussing the challenges and future potential of CPS in revolutionizing medical technology.
  • 651
  • 26 Aug 2024
Topic Review
The Photovoltaic Energy Systems within Renewable Energy Communities
Energy communities are on the rise globally, as they enable electricity consumers to advance the decarbonization of the energy system, while benefiting economically. Thus, they can involve the collaboration of individual consumers within residential buildings, as well as several neighborhoods, for the common purpose of expanding renewable energy and increasing their own share of locally generated renewable electricity. To reduce the entry boundaries for such a system of cummunity owned renewable energy (RE) plants and to enable trading of RE shares smart contracts within a community governed blockchain can provide a solution. In such a system prosumers could jointly buy real world PV assets and implement a digitial representation using tokens or utilities could offer token rewards for energy system beneficial behaviour thereby gradually increasing their customers' RE shares and enabling the evolvement towards active prosumership.
  • 649
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Machine learning in US Medical Diagnostics
Machine learning (ML)  techniques have played a fundamental role in the analysis of US medical images in order to improve the reliability of diagnosis that is often compromised by the relatively poor quality of images due to the presence of noise and acquisition errors. Furthermore, ML techniques reduce operator-dependence, standardize the image interpretation, provide stable results and the capability to make rapid decisions, and relieve the heavy work of radiologists.
  • 645
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Microelectromechanical Systems Based on Magnetic Polymer Films
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have been increasingly used worldwide in a wide range of applications, including high tech, energy, medicine or environmental applications. Magnetic polymer composite films have been used extensively in the development of the micropumps and valves, which are critical components of the microelectromechanical systems.
  • 640
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Optimization of Additive Manufacturing Electrical Machines
Optimization in electrical machine design refers to the process of making improvements to the design of an electrical machine in order to maximize its performance and/or cost-effectiveness. To examine and optimize several aspects of the machine, including various parameters such as the shape of the machine, mathematical models and algorithms are often used. 
  • 638
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Advances and Concerns Related to Electric Vehicles
Human operators’ presence for periodic maintenance is required in all transportation infrastructures; while providing a sustainable solution with Electric Vehicles (EVs) network, each vehicle needs servicing to maintain its robustness. Parts, such as reactive components from converter units, namely electrolytic capacitors, require periodic replacement. Other components, such as microcontroller PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards), are prone to EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) decay and data loss. As fossil fuel is mainly used in generating energy and biosphere degradation remains a concern due to terrain expansion, wireless energy transfer could be an immediate solution for substituting the current transportation infrastructure for a robust and renewable solution. When migrating an entire transportation infrastructure to wireless energy transmission, periodic maintenance of energy transmitters, for example, orbital space stations, would be necessary. This requires the operator’s presence, and health becomes important in maintaining the robustness of this hypothetical sustainable transportation infrastructure. Multiple health concerns are related to the effect of conversion units, typically used in electric vehicles and other hybrid and modern combustion engine means of transportation. These units cover both wire-based and wireless energy transmission. As covered in further sections, several already implemented features of vehicles could negatively impact the operator’s health because such features are mainly based on wireless energy transfer, while other functionalities cause EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) perturbation.
  • 636
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Laser-Induced Graphene for Multifunctional and Intelligent Wearable Systems
With its excellent electrical and mechanical properties and the rapid development of its device fabrication technologies, laser-induced graphene (LIG) has played an important role in the field of wearable technologies since its discovery in 2014. With the relentless development of wearable devices, newly developed LIG-based wearable devices also possess multifunction and intelligence characteristics. 
  • 633
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Problem Formulation in Distribution Network
Distributed generators (DGs) have a high penetration rate in distribution networks (DNs). Understanding their impact on a DN is essential for achieving optimal power flow (OPF). Various DG models, such as stochastic and forecasting models, have been established and are used for OPF. While conventional OPF aims to minimize operational costs or power loss, the “Dual-Carbon” target has led to the inclusion of carbon emission reduction objectives. Additionally, state-of-the-art optimization techniques such as machine learning (ML) are being employed for OPF.
  • 631
  • 24 Aug 2023
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