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Topic Review
Cancer Metastasis
Despite great advances in the detailed profiling of tumor cells and the development of therapeutic agents, cancer metastasis is still a big hurdle in the treatment of cancer patients. This is possibly because tumor cells plastically evolve through interplay with the host environment, including stromal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells. The reciprocal evolution among the numerous components further increases the heterogeneity and complexity in both tumor cells and the host, leading to refractory cancer. It is important to better understand the entire metastatic cascade and the practical implementations targeting the oncoimmune drivers in the mechanisms.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Hilar Biliary Obstruction
Malignant hilar biliary obstruction (HBO) represents a complex clinical condition in terms of diagnosis, surgical and medical treatment, endoscopic approach, and palliation. The main etiology of malignant HBO is hilar cholangiocarcinoma that is considered an aggressive biliary tract’s cancer and has still today a poor prognosis.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Macrophages Proliferation in Health and Disease
Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have multiple important functions in cancer. Macrophages comprise a heterogeneous and functionally versatile population of innate immune cells. Compelling evidence indicate that the high degree of plasticity of macrophages and their ability to self-renew majorly impact tumor progression and resistance to therapy. In addition, the microenvironmental factors largely affect the metabolism of macrophages and may have a major influence on TAMs proliferation and subsets functions. Thus, understanding the signaling pathways regulating TAMs self-renewal capacity may help to identify promising targets for the development of novel anticancer agents.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Virotherapy against Glioblastoma
Recent advances in understanding of cancer biology have stimulated the development of numerous therapeutic approaches, one of which is virotherapy. Therapy by oncolytic viruses is a promising method for malignant tumors of various histogenesis, both as a monotherapy and as a part of combination therapy.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Oncolytic Virus Therapy for PDAC
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating malignancy with poor prognosis and a dismal survival rate, expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Oncolytic virus (OV) is an anticancer approach that utilizes replication-competent viruses to preferentially infect and kill tumor cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), one such OV, is already in several phase I clinical trials against different malignancies. VSV-based recombinant viruses are effective OVs against a majority of tested PDAC cell lines. 
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Modeling Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are revolutionizing the treatment of cancer, but models that accurately predict their efficacy before administering them to humans are badly needed.  This entry presents the application of a microfluidic tumor model that simulates the interactions between immune cells and tumors in a dynamic microenvironment, utilizing real-time imaging and image analytic algorithms to demonstrate excellent correlations between the laboratory model and animal studies.  Future applications of the system in precision medicine will explore the use of the device for selecting patient-specific therapies for cancer.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Current Landscape of HER2-Targeted ADCs
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in 20% of breast cancers and associated with a less favorable prognosis compared to HER2-negative disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Immunoproteasome
Proteasome inhibition is a promising strategy for the treatment of multiple myeloma; unfortunately, this disease is often associated with an increasing chemoresistance. One novel approach may be to target the immunoproteasome, a proteasomal isoform mainly present in cells of hematopoietic origin. We investigated the activity of a panel of amides against immunoproteasome core particles as potential agents for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Amide 6 showed an ideal profile since it was able to inhibit both the chymotrypsin-like activities of the immunoproteasome with Ki values of 4.90 µM and 4.39 µM for β1i and β5i, respectively, coupled with an EC50 =17.8 µM against MM.1R cells. Compound 6 inhibited also ubiquitinated protein degradation and was able to act on different phases of MM cell cycle reducing the levels of cyclin A/CDK1, cyclin B/CDK1 and cyclin D/CDK4/6 complexes, which turns in cell cycle arrest.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Sentinel Node in Oral Cancer
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a diagnostic staging procedure that aims to identify the first draining lymph node(s) from the primary tumor, the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN), as their histopathological status reflects the histopathological status of the rest of the nodal basin. The routine SLNB procedure consists of peritumoral injections with a technetium-99m [99mTc]-labelled radiotracer followed by lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT-CT imaging. Based on these imaging results, the identified SLNs are marked for surgical extirpation and are subjected to histopathological assessment. The routine SLNB procedure has proven to reliably stage the clinically negative neck in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, an infamous limitation arises in situations where SLNs are located in close vicinity of the tracer injection site. In these cases, the hotspot of the injection site can hide adjacent SLNs and hamper the discrimination between tracer injection site and SLNs (shine-through phenomenon). Therefore, technical developments are needed to bring the diagnostic accuracy of SLNB for early-stage OSCC to a higher level. 
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Translational Formulation Technologies for Cancer-Therapy
Over the past few decades, the field of cancer therapy has seen a significant change in the way in which formulations are designed and developed, resulting in more efficient products that allow us to ultimately achieve improved drug bioavailability, efficacy, and safety. However, although many formulations have entered the market, many others have fallen by the wayside leaving the scientific community with several lessons to learn.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
HLA-I and Cancer Derived Extracellular Vesicles
The Human Leukocyte Antigen class I (HLA-I) system is an essential part of the immune system that is fundamental to the successful activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and an effective subsequent immune attack against both pathogen-infected and cancer cells. The importance of cytotoxic T cell activity and ability to detect foreign cancer-related antigenic peptides has recently been highlighted by the successful application of monoclonal antibody-based checkpoint inhibitors as novel immune therapies. Thus, there is an increased interest in fully characterising the repertoire of peptides that are being presented to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells by cancer cells. However, HLA-I is also known to be present on the surface of extracellular vesicles, which are released by most if not all cancer cells. Whilst the peptide ligandome presented by cell surface HLA class I molecules on cancer cells has been studied extensively, the ligandome of extracellular vesicles remains relatively poorly defined.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Eckols: Potential Cancer Therapies
In recent years, an increased interest in marine macroalgae bioactive compounds has been recorded due to their benefits to human health and welfare. Several of their bioactivities have been demonstrated, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial and antiviral behavior.However, there is still lacking a clear definition to how these compounds exert their bioactive properties. Of all bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae, attention has been focused on phenolic compounds, specifically in phlorotannins, due to their potential for biomedical applications. Phlorotannins are a diverse and wide group of phenolic compounds, with several structural variations with base in the monomer phloroglucinol. Of all the diverse phlorotannins structures, eckol-family of phlorotannins demonstrates remarkable bioactivity, especially regarding anti-tumoral properties.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Intertumoural and Intratumoural Heterogeneity in Melanoma
Tumour heterogeneity is a phenomenon where the cancer cells evolve diversely over the course of the disease. As a result of the evolution, the cancer cells can be found to be genetically, epigenetically and/or phenotypically different in order to survive in the human body. The tumour microenvironment also plays a crucial role during the evolution.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Metformin for Lung Cancer
Metformin is an oral biguanide which has been first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes for several years, however, research has showed that patients undergoing treatment with metformin have a decreased risk for cancer. Interestingly, the compund exhibits a considerable number of antitumor effects which could potentially improve lung cancer treatment. Nonetheless, data regarding the use of metformin as part of the therapeutic scheme for patients with lung cancer has been inconsistent to date. One of the points that the current literature fails to address is the differential effects of metformin in lean vs. obese subjects, which is well established in its use for diabetes, as well as its newly described mechanism of action which depends on redox status of the tumor cell.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Zinc and Breast Cancer Survival
Zinc is an essential mineral incorporated into at least 300 enzymes, and is involved in numerous signaling pathways important for, e.g., cell proliferation and differentiation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and redox regulation. Zinc has been reported in preclinical studies to trigger an interplay of G protein estrogen receptor with insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR) and epidermal growth factor receptor, which results in the activation of important transduction pathways and biological responses such as proliferation and migration in breast cancer cells.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Oncology
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, after cardiovascular diseases. Increasing patients’ awareness and providing easier access to public information result in greater interest in alternative anticancer or unproven supportive therapies. Fear of cancer and limited trust in the treating physician are also important reasons leading patients to seek these methods. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), as opposed to evidence-based medicine (EBM), is not grounded in well-designed clinical studies, and thus may not be effective or may even harm patients. Complementary medicine is used in addition to standard medicine, whereas alternative medicine is used in lieu of standard methods. Patients diagnosed with cancer are frequently confused due to the unpredictability of the situation, stress, and fear of the future of themselves and their families. The willingness to actively participate in the therapeutic process may prompt them to seek allegedly effective CAM options. Patients attempt these methods to increase treatment efficacy, alleviate treatment side effects, or improve their physical and mental condition.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Perhexiline
Perhexiline is a prophylactic antianginal drug known to act by inhibiting carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and 2 (CPT2), mitochondrial enzymes critical for fatty acid metabolism.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Androgen Signaling in Prostate Cancer
Key preclinical studies over decades suggest prostate cancer cells titrate androgen signaling to optimize growth. Such laboratory-based studies argue that adaptations that allow growth in a low-androgen environment render prostate cancer sensitive to restoration of androgens, especially at supraphysiologic doses. Based on preclinical data, as well as clinical observations, trials employing high-dose testosterone (HDT) therapy have now been conducted. These trials suggest a clinical benefit in cancer response and quality of life in a subset of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Biography
Silas Palmer Beebe
Silas Palmer Beebe, M.D., PhD (April 22, 1876 – December 6, 1930) an early pioneer in the field of cancer research and the pathology of the disease. Silas Palmer Beebe, also known as S.P. Beebe was born in 1876 in St. Johns, Michigan the son of Aram Beebe, a farmer and justice of the peace and Emma Lucretia (Beebe) Beebe. His father Aram was the son of Paphiras and Lucy (Day) Beebe, of Winh
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Strategies Directly Targeting Mutated KRAS
KRAS gene mutation is widespread in tumors and plays an important role in various malignancies. Targeting KRAS mutations is regarded as the “holy grail” of targeted cancer therapies. Multiple strategies, including covalent binding strategy, targeted protein degradation strategy, targeting protein and protein interaction strategy, salt bridge strategy, and multivalent strategy, have been adopted to develop KRAS direct inhibitors for anti-cancer therapy. Various KRAS-directed inhibitors have been developed, including the FDA-approved drugs sotorasib and adagrasib, KRAS-G12D inhibitor MRTX1133, and KRAS-G12V inhibitor JAB-23000, etc. The different strategies greatly promote the development of KRAS inhibitors. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2023
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