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Topic Review
Osteoporosisnutrients and Micronutrients
Osteoporosis is one of the most common extraintestinal complications among patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases. The role of vitamin D and calcium in the prevention of a decreased bone mineral density is well known, although other nutrients, including micronutrients, are also of extreme importance. Despite the fact that zinc, copper, selenium, iron, cadmium, silicon and fluorine have not been frequently discussed with regard to the prevention of osteoporosis, it is possible that a deficiency or excess of the abovementioned elements may affect bone mineralization. Additionally, the risk of malnutrition, which is common in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, as well as the composition of gut microbiota, may be associated with micronutrients status. 
  • 631
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
GLP-1 Biomarkers in the Development of Metabolic Disorders
Metabolic illnesses, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, have become worldwide epidemics that have an effect on public health. Clinical investigations and further exploration of these mechanisms could lead to innovative, effective, and personalized treatment strategies for individuals. It is important to screen biomarkers in previous studies to discover what is missing. Glucagon-like peptide-1′s role in insulin secretion and glucose control highlights its diagnostic and therapeutic potential.  In validating these biomarkers, it will be easier to reflect pathophysiological processes, and clinicians will be able to better assess disease severity, monitor disease progression, and tailor treatment strategies. 
  • 628
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Molecular and Hormonal Connection
Hormones and cytokines are known to regulate cellular functions in the testes in various level such as spermatogenesis,  modulation of cell junction restructuring between Sertoli cells and germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Cytokines and androgens are closely related, and both correct testicular development and the maintenance of spermatogenesis depend on their function. Cytokines also play a crucial role in the immune testicular system. The purpose of this entry is to explain the molecular mechanisms essentials for  testicular and sexual function.
  • 626
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Trauma Quality Improvement Program
The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) was initiated in 2008 by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Its aim is to provide risk-adjusted data for the purpose of reducing variability in adult trauma outcomes and offering best practice guidelines to improve trauma care. TQIP makes use of national data to allows hospitals to objectively evaluate their trauma centers’ performance relative to other hospitals. TQIP’s administrative costs are less than those of other programs, making it an accessible tool for assessing performance and enhancing quality of trauma care.
  • 621
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Enhancers and Inhibitors of FSAP Activation
Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is produced mainly by the liver, which was shown both in animal and human studies. Besides hepatic sources, FSAP messenger RNA (mRNA) has been found in the murine and human kidney, human pancreas and skeletal muscle. FSAP can undergo autoactivation, but various factors in vitro and in vivo can accelerate or inhibit the FSAP autoactivation process. 
  • 618
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Kidney Paired Donation
Kidney Paired Donation (KPD) or Paired Exchange, is an approach to living donor kidney transplantation where patients with incompatible donors swap kidneys to receive a compatible kidney. KPD is used in situations where a potential donor is incompatible. Because better donor HLA and age matching are correlated with lower lifetime mortality and longer lasting kidney transplants, many compatible pairs are also participating in swaps to find better matched kidneys. In the United States, the National Kidney Registry organizes the majority of U.S. KPD transplants, including the largest swaps. Swaps involving more than two recipients are termed a kidney chain. The first large swap was a 60 participant chain in 2012 that appeared on the front page of the New York Times and the second, even larger swap, included 70 participants and was completed in 2014. Other KPD programs in the U.S. include the UNOS program which was launched in 2010 and completed its 100th KPD transplant in 2014 and the Alliance for Paired Donation. According to a 2019 study, kidney exchanges improve overall transplant quality, which leads to fewer transplant failures. The exchanges also reduce waiting times for patients needing kidney transplants. The study found that the health care cost savings of kidney exchanges are substantial.
  • 615
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CYP450s Genes in Eight Major Ethnicities of Iran
Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 genes can cause variation in metabolism. Thus, single nucleotide variants significantly impact drug pharmacokinetics, toxicity factors, and efficacy and safety of medicines. The distribution of CYP450 alleles varies drastically across ethnicities, with significant implications for personalized medicine and the healthcare system.
  • 613
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bioengineering Immunotherapeutics for the Treatment of Glioblastoma
Improvements in bioengineering methodology and tools have allowed for significant progress in the development of therapeutics and diagnostics in medicine, as well as progress in many other industries, such as materials manufacturing, food and agriculture, and consumer goods. Glioblastomas present significant challenges to adequate treatment, in part due to their immune-evasive nature. Rational-design bioengineering using novel scaffolds, bio-based materials, and inspiration across disciplines can push the boundaries in treatment development to create effective therapeutics for glioblastomas.
  • 612
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Plants Bioactive Compounds in Wound Healing
The skin, as the body’s largest and most exposed organ, can provide a readily accessible delivery route for therapeutic substances. Plants, as an important source of so-called “natural products” with an enormous variety and structural diversity that still exceeds the capacity of present-day sciences to define or even discover them, have been part of medicine since ancient times.
  • 611
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hypothermic Preservation of Transplanted Kidneys
Kidney replacement therapy is a general term used to describe medical procedures that help to treat end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is possible to obtain this goal, with certain limitations, by dialysis; however, the only method for obtaining a healthy organ is kidney transplantation (KTx). A growing number of patients on the transplant waiting lists and an insufficient donor pool remain a significant concern in all countries. There are strategies focused on increasing the number of donations, including the promotion of living donations. Despite donation after brainstem death (DBD), which is the primary source of organs for transplantation, there are an increasing number of extended criteria donor (ECD) and donation after circulatory death (DCD) cases. Improvement of transplantation procedures allowed to overcome past restrictions and possible contraindications. KTx outcomes are improving, and there are many factors involved, including gender.
  • 605
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone tumor that mainly affects children and adolescents. OS has a strong tendency to relapse and metastasize, resulting in poor prognosis and survival. The high heterogeneity and genetic complexity of OS make it challenging to identify new therapeutic targets. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, or chondroblasts. OS is thought to originate at some stage in the differentiation process of MSC to pre-osteoblast or from osteoblast precursors. MSCs contribute to OS progression by interacting with tumor cells via paracrine signaling and affect tumor cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, immune response, and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted by OS cells and MSCs in the tumor microenvironment, are crucial mediators of intercellular communication, driving OS progression by transferring miRNAs/RNA and proteins to other cells. MSC-derived EVs have both pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects on OS progression. MSC-EVs can be also engineered to deliver anti-tumor cargo to the tumor site, which offers potential applications in MSC-EV-based OS treatment. 
  • 599
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Intrinsic Cardiac Neuromodulation in Management of Atrial Fibrillation
The intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) has a significant influence on the structural and electrical milieu, and imbalances in the ANS may contribute to the arrhythmogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) in some individuals. There is increasing scientific and clinical interest in various aspects of neuromodulation of intrinsic cardiac ANS, including mapping techniques, ablation methods, and patient selection.
  • 599
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotics in Poultry Farming in America
Antibiotics in poultry farming in America is the controversial prophylactic use of antibiotics in the country's poultry farming industry. This does not represent the position in other countries. Antibiotics have been applied in mass quantities since 1951 in America, when its Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved their use. Three years prior to the FDA's approval, scientists were investigating a phenomenon in which chickens who were rooting through bacteria-rich manure were displaying signs of greater health than those who did not. Through testing, it was discovered that chickens who were fed a variety of vitamin B12 manufactured with the residue of a certain antibiotic grew 50 percent faster than those chickens who were fed B12 manufactured from a different source. Further testing confirmed that use of antibiotics did improve the health of the chickens, resulting in the chickens laying more eggs and experiencing lower mortality rates and less illness. Upon this discovery, farmers transitioned from expensive animal proteins to comparatively inexpensive antibiotics and B12. Chickens were now reaching their market weight at a much faster rate and at a lower cost. With a growing population and greater demand on the farmers, antibiotics appeared to be an ideal and cost-effective way to increase the output of poultry. Since this discovery, antibiotics have been routinely used in poultry production, but more recently have been the topic of debate secondary to the fear of bacterial antibiotic resistance.
  • 594
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria during Long COVID
The gut microbiota has been shown to contribute to the regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the renin-angiotensin complex through systemic and local pathways. ACE2 is already known to be the cornerstone of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the COVID-19 disease due to the specific coupling of the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the cell membrane, it also affects the mitochondria of infected cells, thereby triggering altered metabolism, mitophagy, and atypical levels of mitochondrial proteins in extracellular vesicles.
  • 591
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Immunostimulatory Properties of β-Glucans
β-glucan, one of the homopolysaccharides composed of D-glucose, exists widely in cereals and microorganisms and possesses various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor properties. More recently, there has been mounting proof that β-glucan functions as a physiologically active “biological response modulator (BRM)”, promoting dendritic cell maturation, cytokine secretion, and regulating adaptive immune responses—all of which are directly connected with β-glucan-regulated glucan receptors.
  • 589
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Turning Indoles into Therapeutics via Targeted Delivery Technologies
Developing therapeutics for inflammatory diseases is challenging due to physiological mucosal barriers, systemic side effects, and the local microbiota. In the search for novel methods to overcome some of these problems, drug delivery systems that improve tissue-targeted drug delivery and modulate the microbiota are highly desirable. Microbial metabolites are known to regulate immune responses, an observation that has resulted in important conceptual advances in areas such as metabolite pharmacology and metabolite therapeutics. Indeed, the doctrine of “one molecule, one target, one disease” that has dominated the pharmaceutical industry in the 20th century is being replaced by developing therapeutics which simultaneously manipulate multiple targets through novel formulation approaches, including the multitarget-directed ligands. Thus, metabolites may not only represent biomarkers for disease development, but also, being causally linked to human diseases, an unexploited source of therapeutics.
  • 588
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Repurposing Therapeutic Drugs Complexed to Vanadium in Cancer
Repurposing drugs by uncovering new indications for approved drugs accelerates the process of establishing new treatments and reduces the high costs of drug discovery and development. Metal complexes with clinically approved drugs allow further opportunities in cancer therapy. Many vanadium compounds have previously shown antitumor effects, which makes vanadium a suitable metal to complex with therapeutic drugs, potentially improving their efficacy in cancer treatment.
  • 587
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Actinic Cheilosis
Actinic cheilitis is cheilitis (lip inflammation) caused by long term sunlight exposure. Essentially it is a burn, and a variant of actinic keratosis which occurs on the lip. It is a premalignant condition, as it can develop into squamous cell carcinoma (a type of mouth cancer).
  • 583
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
H5N1 Clinical Trials
H5N1 clinical trials are clinical trials concerning H5N1 vaccines, which are intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1. They are intended to discover pharmacological effects and identify any adverse reactions the vaccines may achieve in humans.
  • 577
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Exploiting Pharma 4.0 Tools in Non-Biological Complex Drugs
The pharmaceutical industry has entered an era of transformation with the emergence of Pharma 4.0, which leverages cutting-edge technologies in manufacturing processes. These hold tremendous potential for enhancing the overall efficiency, safety, and quality of non-biological complex drugs (NBCDs), a category of pharmaceutical products that pose unique challenges due to their intricate composition and complex manufacturing requirements.
  • 573
  • 14 Nov 2023
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