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Topic Review
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices Infections
The use of increasingly complex cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has increased exponentially. One of the most serious complications in terms of mortality, morbidity and financial burden is represented by infections involving these devices. They may affect only the generator pocket or be generalised with lead-related endocarditis. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors have been identified and they can be associated with patient or procedure characteristics or with the type of CIED. Pocket and systemic infections require a precise evaluation and a specialised treatment which in most cases involves the removal of all the components of the device and a personalised antimicrobial therapy. CIED retention is usually limited to cases where infection is unlikely or is limited to the skin incision site. Optimal re-implantation timing depends on the type of infection and on the results of microbiological tests. Preventive strategies, in the end, include antibiotic prophylaxis before CIED implantation, the possibility to use antibacterial envelopes and the prevention of hematomas. 
  • 480
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Multimodality Imaging for Diagnosis for Fabry Disease
Fabry disease (FD) is a genetic lysosomal storage disease with frequent cardiovascular involvement, whose presence is a major determinant of adverse clinical outcomes. As a potentially treatable cause of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, the early recognition of FD is crucial to initiate enzyme replacement therapy and improve long-term prognosis. Multimodality imaging plays a central role in the evaluation of patients with FD and helps in the differential diagnosis of other conditions presenting with LVH.
  • 479
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Anderson–Fabry Disease
Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD) is a lysosome storage disorder resulting from an X-linked inheritance of a mutation in the galactosidase A (GLA) gene encoding for the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-GAL A). This mutation results in a deficiency or absence of α-GAL A activity, with a progressive intracellular deposition of glycosphingolipids leading to organ dysfunction and failure. Cardiac damage starts early in life, often occurring sub-clinically before overt cardiac symptoms. Left ventricular hypertrophy represents a common cardiac manifestation, albeit conduction system impairment, arrhythmias, and valvular abnormalities may also characterize AFD. Even in consideration of pleiotropic manifestation, diagnosis is often challenging. Thus, knowledge of cardiac and extracardiac diagnostic “red flags” is needed to guide a timely diagnosis.
  • 471
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Physiological Roles of TRPM4 in the Heart
The transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) channel is a non-selective cation channel that activates in response to increased intracellular Ca2+ levels but does not allow Ca2+ to pass through directly. It plays a crucial role in regulating diverse cellular functions associated with intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis/dynamics. TRPM4 is widely expressed in the heart and is involved in various physiological and pathological processes therein. Specifically, it has a significant impact on the electrical activity of cardiomyocytes by depolarizing the membrane, presumably via Na+ loading. 
  • 468
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Role of Genetics in Heart Failure Patients Management
The relevance of genetics in cardiovascular diseases has expanded, especially in the context of cardiomyopathies. Its relevance extends to the management of patients diagnosed with heart failure (HF), given its capacity to provide invaluable insights into the etiology of cardiomyopathies and identify individuals at a heightened risk of poor outcomes. Notably, the identification of an etiological genetic variant necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of the family lineage of the affected patients. In the future, these genetic variants hold potential as therapeutic targets with the capability to modify gene expression.
  • 467
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Multimodality Imaging Diagnosis in Infective Endocarditis
Imaging is an important tool in the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis (IE). Echocardiography is an essential examination, especially in native valve endocarditis (NVE), but its diagnostic accuracy is reduced in prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). The diagnostic ability is superior for transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE), but a negative test cannot exclude PVE. Both transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and TEE can provide normal or inconclusive findings in up to 30% of cases, especially in patients with prosthetic devices.
  • 466
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Drug-Coated Balloons
Drug-coated balloons (DCB) are a well-established option for treating in-stent restenosis endorsed by European Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. However, in recent years, a strategy of “leaving nothing behind” with DCB in de novo coronary stenosis has emerged as an appealing approach.
  • 465
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Correlation of NETs to Atherosclerosis and Implication
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have attracted much attention recently, beyond elemental host immunity, due to their fundamental implication in a variety of pathologic conditions and widespread impactful diseases. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is one of them, and a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Consequently, years of basic and clinical research were dedicated to shedding light on every possible pathophysiologic mechanism that could be used as an effective prevention and treatment tool to ameliorate its burden. This led to the development of complex and prevention protocols and regimens that are now widely used, with lipid-lowering treatment being the current cornerstone; however, this is not adequate to alleviate the residual cardiovascular risk, which remains prominent. 
  • 463
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Stress Echo in Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis
Rest and stress echocardiography (SE) plays a pivotal role in the evaluation of valvular heart disease. The use of SE is recommended in valvular heart disease when there is a mismatch between resting transthoracic echocardiography findings and symptoms. In aortic stenosis (AS), rest echocardiographic analysis is a stepwise approach that begins with the evaluation of aortic valve morphology and proceeds to the measurement of the transvalvular aortic gradient and aortic valve area (AVA) using continuity equations or planimetry. 
  • 460
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Associated with OSA in Diabetics
There is significant pathogenic and epidemiological overlap between diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).  There may be a possible association between OSA and diabetes and their impact on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Identifying and managing OSA in individuals with diabetes at an early phase could potentially reduce the risk of CVDs and its related complications.
  • 458
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Natural Antioxidant in Myocardial Infarction/Ischemic Stroke Injury Treatment
Natural antioxidants are present in low concentrations within cells. They reduce free radicals to provide a protection system against vascular diseases. They have a strong potential to inhibit oxidative stress (OS), lipid peroxidation and the oxidation of breakdown products. Natural antioxidants can function either individually or synergistically to remove free radicals generated during oxidative metabolism, thus maintaining the redox balance.
  • 457
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Probing Complex Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
POTS impacts up to 1% of Americans, mostly women, turning everyday tasks into challenges. This review delves into the complex causes of POTS, examining the heart's natural pacemaker, heart muscle, nervous system, and body's fluid and hormonal balance. It underscores the need for ongoing research to deepen our understanding of POTS and enhance patient care.
  • 457
  • 26 Aug 2024
Topic Review
Cardiac Drugs in ACHD-Related Heart Failure
Pharmacotherapy in adult CHD (ACHD) is largely supportive and is used to manage complications such as arrhythmias, heart failure (HF), and pulmonary hypertension in addition to interventional or surgical procedures.
  • 456
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Paucisymptomatic Vasculopathic Population
Middle-aged adults can start to be affected by some arterial diseases (ADs), such as abdominal aortic or popliteal artery aneurysms, lower extremity arterial disease, internal carotid, or renal artery or subclavian artery stenosis. These vasculopathies are often asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic before manifesting themselves with dramatic complications. Therefore, early detection of ADs is fundamental to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular and limb events. Furthermore, ADs carry a high correlation with silent coronary artery disease (CAD).
  • 453
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Novel MRI Tools for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Risk Stratification
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common genetic disorder with a well described risk of sudden cardiac death; however, risk stratification has remained a challenge. Recently, novel parameters in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) have shown promise in helping to improve upon current risk stratification paradigms. 
  • 453
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Healthy Foods Choices for Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the first cause of mortality globally. Diet plays a fundamental role in cardiovascular health and is closely linked to the development of CVD. Numerous human studies have provided evidence on the relationship between diet and CVD.
  • 452
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Predictors for Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetic Foot Syndrome
Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is a complication associated with diabetes that has a strong negative impact, both medically and socio-economically.
  • 451
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Global Cardiac Surgery
Cardiac surgery is a modern science in the history of medicine. The impact of cardiac disease, in terms of treatment and prognosis, has made this discipline indispensable to global health. Greatest investment has been dispensed to technological and material improvements to increase life expectancy. This surgery must address different epidemiological aspects dictated by the geography and economic–social conditions of the global populations. 
  • 451
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Risk Factors and Cellular Differences in Heart Failure
Patients with heart failure are conventionally stratified into phenotypic groups based on their ejection fraction. The aim of this stratification is to improve disease management with a more targeted therapeutic approach. A further subdivision based on patient gender is justified. It is recognized that women are underrepresented in randomized controlled clinical trials, resulting in limited clinical and molecular differentiation between males and females. However, many observational studies show that the onset, development, and clinical course of the disease may substantially differ between the two sexes. 
  • 451
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Non-Invasive Multimodality Imaging in CCS
Non-invasive imaging methods can assess coronary anatomy through coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and/or inducible myocardial ischemia through functional stress testing (stress echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission computed tomography—SPECT, or positron emission tomography—PET). 
  • 448
  • 27 Jun 2023
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