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Topic Review
Primary Neurological Disease Absence in Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome
Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an extremely rare genetic disorder caused by the mutant protein progerin, which is expressed by the abnormal splicing of the LMNA gene. HGPS affects systemic levels, with the exception of cognition or brain development, in children, showing that cellular aging can occur in the short term.
  • 646
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bisphenol A in Female Rats
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure is the most prevalent in the environment. Rahman et al. (2021) summarized several confounding factors that may be directly or indirectly related to human BPA exposure and detailed the disparities between scientifically derived safe dosages of BPA and those designated as “safe” by government regulatory agencies. Exposure to BPA during early development has been associated with the prevalence of various cardiometabolic diseases including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
  • 645
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Network-Level Examination of Correspondence between Human-Brain and ANN
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) that are heavily inspired by the human brain now achieve human-level performance across multiple task domains. ANNs have thus drawn attention in neuroscience, raising the possibility of providing a framework for understanding the information encoded in the human brain. However, the correspondence between ANNs and the brain cannot be measured directly. They differ in outputs and substrates, neurons vastly outnumber their ANN analogs (i.e., nodes), and the key algorithm responsible for most of modern ANN training (i.e., backpropagation) is likely absent from the brain. Neuroscientists have thus taken a variety of approaches to examine the similarity between the brain and ANNs at multiple levels of their information hierarchy.
  • 643
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Gene, Parkin
Parkin, the gene responsible for hereditary Parkinson’s disease (PD) called “Autosomal Recessive Juvenile Parkinsonism (AR-JP)” was discovered a quarter of a century ago.
  • 643
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Oxidative Stress and Neoplastic Diseases
Genetic, developmental, biochemical, and environmental variables interact intricately to produce sex differences. The significance of sex differences in cancer susceptibility is being clarified by numerous studies. Epidemiological research and cancer registries have revealed over the past few years that there are definite sex variations in cancer incidence, progression, and survival. However, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction also have a significant impact on the response to treatment of neoplastic diseases. Young women may be more protected from cancer than men because most of the proteins implicated in the regulation of redox state and mitochondrial function are under the control of sexual hormones. 
  • 636
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Types and Their Targets for the Treatments
Cancer is a serious problem affecting human health and the second most common reason for death throughout human history. In 2014, the pervasiveness of cancer had increased tremendously; approximately 1,665,540 people were suffering from cancer just in the United States alone, and in 2014, 585,720 of them died due to cancer. Unfortunately, this condition manifests itself at the tissue level, making identification and treatment efficacy extremely difficult.
  • 636
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biological Activities of Naringin
Naringin (NG), a natural flavanone glycoside, possesses a multitude of pharmacological properties, encompassing anti-inflammatory, sedative, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-osteoporosis, and lipid-lowering functions, and serves as a facilitator for the absorption of other drugs. 
  • 633
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Microbial, Anti-Viral, and Anti-Fungal Activity of Māmaki
In Hawaii, the plants P. albidus, P. forbesii, P. kauaiensis, and P. ruber are collectively known as māmaki in ethnomedicine, where P. albidus predominates. Farmed māmaki is becoming increasingly popular in Hawaii and the United States. Māmaki teas (such as bottled Shaka tea) are the dominant product. Historically, māmaki has been utilized for its medicinal properties, promoting well-being and good health through consuming tea made from its leaves, ingesting its fruit, and incorporating it into ointments.
  • 633
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Advancement of Abiotic Stresses for Microalgal Lipid Production
The world is currently facing global energy crises and escalating environmental pollution, which are caused by the extensive exploitation of conventional energy sources. The limited availability of conventional energy sources has opened the door to the search for alternative energy sources. In this regard, microalgae have emerged as a promising substitute for conventional energy sources due to their high photosynthetic rate, high carbohydrate and lipid content, efficient CO2 fixation capacity, and ability to thrive in adverse environments. The research and development of microalgal-based biofuel as a clean and sustainable alternative energy source has been ongoing for many years, but it has not yet been widely adopted commercially. However, it is currently gaining greater attention due to the integrated biorefinery concept. In conclusion, algae-based biofuels offer a viable alternative to traditional fuels for meeting the growing demand for energy.
  • 629
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Onco-Breastomics: An Eco-Evo-Devo Holistic Approach
Many mechanisms of cancer progression have been explained by principles of ecology, developmental biology, and evolutionary paradigms. Many authors have discussed ecological, developmental, and evolutionary strategies for more successful anti-cancer therapies, or for understanding the ecological, developmental, and evolutionary bases of breast cancer (BC) exploitable vulnerabilities. Researchers use the integrated framework of three well known ecological theories: the Bronfenbrenner’s theory of human development, the Vannote’s River Continuum Concept (RCC), and the Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Eco-Evo-Devo) theory, to explain and understand several eco-evo-devo-based principles that govern BC progression.
  • 629
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells as Precursors of Metastasis
Circulating tumor cells are cancer cells that detach from the primary tumor and enter the bloodstream. These cancer cells in the blood stream eventually result in secondary tumor growth referred to as metastasis. Research on circulating tumor cells is crucial because they can provide valuable insights into cancer progression and treatment response that enhances the patient outcomes. Findings from circulating-tumor-cell-based research can also shed light on cancer metastasis, drug resistance, and tumor evolution, ultimately benefiting the research community by advancing our understanding of cancer biology and guiding the development of innovative treatments. 
  • 629
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pb Induces MCP-1 in the Choroid Plexus
Lead (Pb) is an environmental element that has been implicated in the development of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Additionally, innate immune activation contributes to AD pathophysiology. However, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. The choroid plexus (CP) is not only the site of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, but also an important location for communication between the circulation and the CSF.
  • 627
  • 30 Mar 2022
Topic Review
METTL3 in Neurophysiological Events
Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) is a typical component of N6-methyladenosine writers that exhibits methyltransferase activity and deposits methyl groups on RNA. Accumulating studies have demonstrated the involvement of METTL3 in the regulation of neuro-physiological and pathological events.
  • 625
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Soil Thermophiles and Their Extracellular Enzymes
During this century, a number of reports have described the potential roles of thermophiles in the upper soil layers during high-temperature periods. Soil thermophiles are able to adapt their extracellular enzyme activities to environmental conditions. These enzymes can present optimum activity under high temperatures and reduced water content. Consequently, these microorganisms have been shown to actively process and decompose substances (including pollutants) under extreme conditions (i.e., desiccation and heat) in soils.
  • 624
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Modulation of Gut Microbiome for Auditory Disorders
The gut microbiome has been shown to play a pivotal role in health and disease. Recently, there has been increased interest within the auditory community to explore the role of the gut microbiome in the auditory system and its implications for hearing disorders such as sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), otitis media, and tinnitus. Studies have suggested that modulating the gut microbiome using probiotics as well as with diets high in monounsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a reduction in inflammation prevalence in auditory disorders. 
  • 624
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Biological Clock in Ageing and Low-Level Chronic Inflammation
Ageing is a multifactorial physiological manifestation that occurs inexorably and gradually in all forms of life. This process is linked to the decay of homeostasis due to the progressive decrease in the reparative and regenerative capacity of tissues and organs, with reduced physiological reserve in response to stress. Ageing is closely related to oxidative damage and involves immunosenescence and tissue impairment or metabolic imbalances that trigger inflammation and inflammasome formation. One of the main ageing-related alterations is the dysregulation of the immune response, which results in chronic low-level, systemic inflammation, termed “inflammaging”. Genetic and epigenetic changes, as well as environmental factors, promote and/or modulate the mechanisms of ageing at the molecular, cellular, organ, and system levels. Most of these mechanisms are characterized by time-dependent patterns of variation driven by the biological clock. 
  • 623
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Intra-Articular Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections in Knee Osteoarthritis
Primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) continues to be a hard-to-control degenerative disease. Intra-articular corticosteroids are typically advised, but only for short-term pain alleviation, given that their benefits last only a few weeks. The efficacy of hyaluronic acid is controversial. When the aforesaid options fail, total knee arthroplasty is generally recommended as an efficacious treatment. However, it is costly and can involve medical and postoperative complications. Therefore, determining alternate safe and effective treatments for knee OA is paramount. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has lately been investigated for the treatment of knee OA.
  • 620
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Circadian Gas-Responsive Hemeprotein NPAS2
Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) is a hemeprotein comprising a basic helix–loop–helix domain (bHLH) and two heme-binding sites, the PAS-A and PAS-B domains.
  • 617
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Interplay of BDNF and Glucocorticoids in Alzheimer’s Disease
Both the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoids (GCs) play multiple roles in various aspects of neurons, including cell survival and synaptic function. BDNF and its receptor TrkB are extensively expressed in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), and the contribution of the BDNF/TrkB system to neuronal function is evident; thus, its downregulation has been considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). GCs, stress-related molecules, and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are also considered to be associated with AD in addition to mental disorders such as depression. Importantly, a growing body of evidence suggests a close relationship between BDNF/TrkB-mediated signaling and the GCs/GR system in the CNS.
  • 616
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Policies Addressing Non-Communicable and Chronic Diseases in China
Non-communicable and chronic diseases (NCDs) have become a public health problem that seriously threatens the population’s health, especially in rapidly industrialized countries. Given the complexity of managing NCDs, there is growing evidence that interventions embedding or incorporating health promotion strategies can help reduce the disease burden of NCDs. 
  • 613
  • 24 Aug 2022
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