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Biography
George Wetherill
George Wetherill (August 12, 1925 Philadelphia, PA – July 19, 2006 Washington, DC) was the Director Emeritus, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC, USA. George Wetherill benefited from the G.I. Bill to receive four degrees, the Ph.B. (1948), S.B. (1949), S.M. (1951), and Ph.D., in physics (1953), all from the University of Chicago. He did his thesis rese
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  • 27 Dec 2022
Biography
Letitia Obeng
Letitia Eva Takyibea Obeng (born 10 January 1925) at Anum in the Eastern Region is the first Ghanaian woman to obtain a degree in Zoology and the first to be awarded a doctorate.[1] She is described as "the grandmother of female scientists in Ghana".[2] Letitia Obeng attended a primary school in Abetifi, Kwahu and a middle school in Kyebi. Between 1939 and 1946 she had her secondary school ed
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  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Production and Application of Cellulose Nanomaterials
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) have emerged recently as an important group of sustainable bio-based nanomaterials (NMs) with potential applications in multiple sectors, including the food, food packaging, and biomedical fields. The widening of these applications leads to increased human oral exposure to these NMs and, potentially, to adverse health outcomes. Presently, the potential hazards regarding oral exposure to CNMs are insufficiently characterised. There is a need to understand and manage the potential adverse effects that might result from the ingestion of CNMs before products using CNMs reach commercialisation.
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  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Artemisia Armeniaca
Artemisia /ˌɑːrtɪˈmiːziə/ is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. Common names for various species in the genus include mugwort, wormwood, and sagebrush. Artemisia comprises hardy herbaceous plants and shrubs, which are known for the powerful chemical constituents in their essential oils. Artemisia species grow in temperate climates of both hemispheres, usually in dry or semiarid habitats. Notable species include A. vulgaris (common mugwort), A. tridentata (big sagebrush), A. annua (sagewort), A. absinthium (wormwood), A. dracunculus (tarragon), and A. abrotanum (southernwood). The leaves of many species are covered with white hairs. Most species have strong aromas and bitter tastes from terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones, which discourage herbivory, and may have had a selective advantage. The small flowers are wind-pollinated. Artemisia species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species. Some botanists split the genus into several genera, but DNA analysis does not support the maintenance of the genera Crossostephium, Filifolium, Neopallasia, Seriphidium, and Sphaeromeria; three other segregate genera -- Stilnolepis, Elachanthemum, and Kaschgaria -- are maintained by this evidence. Occasionally, some of the species are called sages, causing confusion with the Salvia sages in the family Lamiaceae.
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  • 02 Dec 2022
Biography
Larry Smarr
Larry Lee Smarr is a physicist and leader in scientific computing, supercomputer applications, and Internet infrastructure at the University of California, San Diego.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Smarr has been among the most important synthesizers and conductors of innovation, discovery, and commercialization of new technologies — including areas as disparate as the Web browser and pers
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  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Wearables as Digital Diagnostics
Wearables, which refer to smart consumer devices that record digital health data, are becoming an integral part of our daily lives. This reflects the growing health consciousness among people. Wearable biosensors are low-price, non-invasive, and non-irritating devices that function by continuously measuring a person’s physiological parameters in real time, which can be used for the early as well as in-depth diagnosis of several conditions. Wearable devices contain different types of sensors that collect data on step counts, heart rate, sleep duration, calories burnt, stress, and oxygen levels.
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  • 29 Nov 2022
Biography
Ernst Ising
Ernst Ising (German: [ˈiːzɪŋ]; May 10, 1900 in Cologne, Germany – May 11, 1998 in Peoria, Illinois, United States ) was a German physicist, who is best remembered for the development of the Ising model. He was a professor of physics at Bradley University until his retirement in 1976.[1] Ernst Ising was born in Cologne in 1900. Ernst Ising's parents were the merchant Gustav Ising and his
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Biography
Ernst Rexer
Ernst Rexer (2 April 1902 – 14 May 1983) was a Germany nuclear physicist. He worked on the German nuclear energy program during World War II. After the war, he was sent to Laboratory V, in Obninsk, to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project. In 1956, he was sent to East Germany, where he was a professor and director of the Institute for the Application of Radioactive Isotopes at the Technische
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  • 29 Dec 2022
Biography
Rene Vidal
Rene Vidal (born 1974) is a Chile an electrical engineer and computer scientist who is known for his research in machine learning,[1] computer vision,[2] medical image computing,[3] robotics,[4] and control theory.[5] He is the Herschel L. Seder Professor of the Johns Hopkins Department of Biomedical Engineering, and the founding director of the Mathematical Institute for Data Science (MINDS).
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  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Phasing-Out of Animal Testing in Cosmetics
Almost a decade after the stipulated deadline in the 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive, which bans the marketing of animal-tested cosmetics in the EU from 2013, animal experimentation for cosmetic-related purposes remains a topic of animated debate.
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  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species in the Brain
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are crucial contributors to the age-dependent decline in all tissues. Neural tissue, one of the main oxygen consumers in the mammalian body, is especially prone to reactive species-mediated damage. Brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by specific enzymatic systems, including complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, multienzyme flavin-containing complexes, monoamine and xanthine oxidases, microglial and endothelial NADPH oxidases and cyclooxygenases in addition to non-enzymatic and potentially uncontrolled mechanisms of ROS production, such as autooxidation of quinones or other aromatic compounds. Nitric oxide produced by nitric oxide synthases powers the conversion of ROS into reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Both ROS and RNS play important signaling roles and are also capable of modifying other molecules such as proteins, nucleic and fatty acids, lipids and carbohydrates. The antioxidant system, comprising low molecular mass antioxidants (e.g., tocopherol, ascorbic acid and glutathione) and high molecular mass antioxidants such as enzymes (e.g., catalases, peroxidases, superoxide dismutases) and others, protects cells from potential damage caused by ROS or RNS. Powering antioxidant systems by NADPH provides neural tissue with defense against ROS but may also trigger ROS production by NADPH oxidases and cyclooxygenases. In turn, mitochondria start using ketone bodies as an energy source under certain conditions. Increased steady-state levels of ROS and RNS, along with the aforementioned ROS-modified molecules, activate the organisms’ immune system including brain’s microglia.
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  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Holarctic
The Holarctic is the name for the biogeographic realm that encompasses the majority of habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world, combining Wallace's Palearctic zoogeographical region, consisting of North Africa and all of Eurasia (with the exception of the southern Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent), and the Nearctic zoogeographical region, consisting of North America, north of Mexico. These regions are further subdivided into a variety of ecoregions. Many ecosystems, and the animal and plant communities that depend on them, are found across multiple continents in large portions of this realm. The continuity of these ecosystems results from the shared glacial history of the realm. The floristic Boreal Kingdom corresponds to the Holarctic realm.
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  • 01 Oct 2022
Biography
Remo Ruffini
Remo Ruffini (born May 17, 1942, La Brigue, Alpes-Maritimes, at that time, Briga Marittima, Italy). He is Director of ICRANet, International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics Network. Moreover, he is President of the International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA); he initiated the International Relativistic Astrophysics PhD (IRAP PhD), a common graduate school program of several un
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  • 16 Nov 2022
Biography
Robert A. Stern
Robert A. Stern is professor of neurology, neurosurgery, anatomy, and neurobiology at Boston University School of Medicine, where he is also director of clinical research for the BU Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Center. From 2010 to 2019, he was the director of the Clinical Core of the BU Alzheimer's Disease Center (funded by National Institutes of Health, NIH). A major focus of Stern'
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  • 30 Dec 2022
Biography
Lawrence W. Barsalou
Lawrence W. Barsalou (born November 3, 1951) is an American psychologist and a cognitive scientist, currently working at the University of Glasgow.[1] At the University of Glasgow, Barsalou is a professor of psychology, performing research in the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology. He received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of California, San Diego in 1977 (George
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Biography
Robert L. Forward
Robert Lull Forward (August 15, 1932 – September 21, 2002) was an American physicist and science fiction writer.[1] His literary work was noted for its scientific credibility and use of ideas developed from his career as an aerospace engineer. He also made important contributions to gravitational wave detection research.[2] Forward earned his doctorate from the University of Maryland in 196
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  • 12 Dec 2022
Biography
Walter Herrmann
Walter Herrmann (20 September 1910[1] – 11 August 1987)[2] was a Germany nuclear physicist and mechanical engineer who worked on the German nuclear energy project during World War II. After the war, he headed a laboratory for special issues of nuclear disintegration at Laboratory V in the Soviet Union. Herrmann was born in Querfurt and completed his engineering degree at the Dresden Univers
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Biography
Wolfgang Bauer
Wolfgang Bauer (born April 5, 1959) is a University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Michigan State University. He is also an author of the introductory calculus-based physics textbook "University Physics", published by McGraw-Hill in 2010. Wolfgang Bauer obtained his Ph.D. in theoretical nuclear physics from the University of Giessen in 1987.[1] After a p
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  • 05 Dec 2022
Biography
Gerhard Hoffmann
Gerhard Hoffmann (4 August 1880 – 18 June 1945) was a Germany nuclear physicist. During World War II, he contributed to the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club. Hoffmann studied at the University of Göttingen, the University of Leipzig, and the University of Bonn. He received his doctorate at Bonn, in 1906, under Walter Kaufmann. In 1908, he became Kaufmann’s te
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  • 16 Dec 2022
Biography
Barry Fell
Barry Fell (born Howard Barraclough Fell) (June 6, 1917 – April 21, 1994) was a professor of invertebrate zoology at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. While his primary professional research included starfish and sea urchins, Fell is best known for his controversial work in New World epigraphy, arguing that various inscriptions in the Americas are best explained by extensive pre-Colum
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Dec 2022
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