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Topic Review
Diagnostics of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a hypercoagulation condition associated with the incidence of heterogenic antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs), which non-specifically affect hemostasis processes. APS is clinically manifested by recurrent arterial and venous thromboses and reproduction losses. The aPL antibodies, which may induce clinical manifestations of APS, include criteria antibodies anti-cardiolipin, anti-β2-glycoprotein-I, and lupus anticoagulant, but also non-criteria antibodies, for example anti-β2-glycoprotein-I domain I, anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin, anti-annexin V, and many others. APS occurs mostly in patients of younger and middle age, most frequently in females. Laboratory diagnostics of APS are quite difficult, as they include a wide spectrum of examining methods, which are based on various principles of detection and are performed using various laboratory techniques.
  • 792
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Semiconductor (SC)-based field-effect transistors (FETs)
Semiconductor (SC)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have been demonstrated as amazing enhancer gadgets due to their delicate interface towards surface adsorption. This leads to their application as sensors and biosensors. Additionally, the semiconductor material has enormous recognizable fixation extends, high affectability, high consistency for solid detecting, and the ability to coordinate with other microfluidic gatherings. This review focused on current progress on the semiconductor-interfaced FET biosensor through the fundamental interface structure of sensor design, including inorganic semiconductor/aqueous interface, photoelectrochemical interface, nano-optical interface, and metal-assisted interface. The works that also point to a further advancement for the trademark properties mentioned have been reviewed here. The emergence of research on the organic semiconductor interface, integrated biosensors with Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible, metal-organic frameworks, has accelerated the practical application of biosensors. Through a solid request for research along with sensor application, it will have the option to move forward the innovative sensor with the extraordinary semiconductor interface structure. 
  • 790
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cutaneous T-cell Lymphomas
Although various anti-cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) therapies are available for clinical use, appropriate chemotherapy lines for the treatment of CTCLs have yet to be established. Therefore, to date, various clinical trials for the treatment of advanced CTCLs are ongoing. In this review, we evaluate the therapeutic options that are available in clinical practice, for treatment of early- and advanced-stage CTCLs (targeted therapies, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, retinoids, interferons, cytotoxic drugs, etc.). We also examine clinical trials of novel regimens for the treatment of CTCLs.
  • 789
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
In-Training (Magazine)
in-Training is an online peer-reviewed publication for medical students. It was founded on April 5, 2012 by Ajay Major and Aleena Paul, two medical students at Albany Medical College, as the first online publication in the United States that is written, edited, and produced entirely by medical students. in-Training identifies itself as "the agora of the medical student community" and strives to be the intellectual center for news, commentary, and the free expression of the medical student voice. in-Training is edited and managed entirely by an independent editorial board of over 40 volunteer, unpaid medical students. in-Training publishes a wide array of written content generated by medical students, as well as artistic works. Content is published continuously throughout the year in a blog format on the magazine’s website, in-training.org. in-Training published a print book entitled in-Training: Stories from Tomorrow's Physicians on April 29, 2016. The book is a compendium of 102 articles originally published on in-Training accompanied by discussion questions. in-Training published its 1000th article on September 18, 2016, representing 450 medical student authors at 152 medical schools in 19 countries.
  • 787
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stem/Progenitor Cells on Lymphangiogenesis in Vascular Disease
Lymphatic vessels, as the main tube network of fluid drainage and leukocyte transfer, are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis and pathological repairment. By using genetic lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing techniques, significant cognitive progress has been made about the impact of stem/progenitor cells during lymphangiogenesis. In the embryonic stage, the lymphatic network is primarily formed through self-proliferation and polarized-sprouting from the lymph sacs. However, the assembly of lymphatic stem/progenitor cells also guarantees the sustained growth of lymphvasculogenesis to obtain the entire function. In addition, there are abundant sources of stem/progenitor cells in postnatal tissues, including circulating progenitors, mesenchymal stem cells, and adipose tissue stem cells, which can directly differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells and participate in lymphangiogenesis. 
  • 787
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Catalytic Activity and the inhibition profile of the carbonic anhydrase CynT2
CAs catalyze the physiologically crucial reversible reaction of the carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and protons. Herein, we investigated the sulfonamide inhibition profile of the recombinant β-CA (CynT2) identified in the genome of the Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. This biocatalyst is indispensable for the growth of the microbe at atmospheric pCO2. CynT2 was strongly inhibited by some substituted benzene-sulfonamides, and the clinically used inhibitor sulpiride (KIs in the range of 82–97 nM). This study may be relevant for identifying novel CA inhibitors, as well as for another essential part of the drug discovery pipeline, such as the structure-activity relationship for this class of enzyme inhibitors.  
  • 785
  • 17 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Alcohol Septal Ablation and HCM
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined by an unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy, not solely secondary to abnormal loading conditions.
  • 784
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cutaneous Vascular Neoplasms of Uncertain Biological Behavior
Neoplasms of uncertain biological behavior present physicians with a genuine conundrum in practice. Cutaneous vascular neoplasms within this category are exceedingly rare, possessing significant gaps and uncertainty in many facets of clinical practice. 
  • 782
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Endocrine Management of Transgender Adults
The attention to transgender medicine has changed over the last decade and the interest is most likely going to increase in the future due to the fact that gender-affirming treatments are now being requested by an increasing number of transgender people. Even if gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is based on a multidisciplinary approach, this review is going to focus on the procedures adopted by the endocrinologist in an out-clinic setting once an adult patient is referred by another specialist for ‘gender affirming’ therapy.
  • 775
  • 30 May 2021
Topic Review
Link between Pheochromocytomas and Abdominal Paragangliomas
Pheochromocytomas and abdominal paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare tumors arising from the adrenal medulla or the sympathetic nervous system. The incidence of PPGLs has risen. Most cases are detected via imaging and less present with symptoms of catecholamine excess. Most PPGLs secrete catecholamines, with diffuse symptoms. Diagnosis is made by imaging and tests of catecholamines. Localized disease can be cured by surgery. PPGLs are the most heritable of all human tumors, and germline variants are found in approximately 30–50% of cases
  • 773
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Leishmania for Developing a Novel Vaccine Platform
“Bugs as drugs” in medicine encompasses the use of microbes to enhance the efficacy of vaccination, such as the delivery of vaccines by Leishmania—the protozoan etiological agent of leishmaniasis. This novel approach is appraised in light of the successful development of vaccines for Covid-19. All relevant aspects of this pandemic are summarized to provide the necessary framework in contrast to leishmaniasis.
  • 773
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Effectiveness of Silver-Impregnated EVD in Clinical Practice
External ventricular drain(EVD) are widely used in neurosurgery to control cerebral hypertension mainly related to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or traumatic brain injury. It consists of a catheter inserted through the skull into the ventricles by a neurosurgeon, allowing the drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the monitoring and control of the intracranial pressure. It also exposes the patient to ventriculostomy-related infection (VRI) leading to higher morbidity and economic burden.
  • 773
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Poor adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is associated with low rates of smoking cessation. Hence, this study aims to identify and map patient-related factors associated with adherence to NRT using the capability, opportunity, motivation, and behaviour (COM-B) model. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by searching five databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) and grey literature on 30 August 2020. Data were extracted, thematically analysed, and mapped to the COM-B model. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool was utilised to assess the quality of studies. Results: A total of 2929 citations were screened, and 26 articles with a total of 13,429 participants included. Thirty-one factors were identified and mapped to COM-B model: psychological capability (forgetfulness, education), physical capability (level of nicotine dependence, withdrawal symptoms), reflective motivation (perception about NRT and quitting), automatic motivation (alcohol use, stress, depression), physical opportunity (cost), and social opportunity (social support). The most prominent element associated with adherence was reflective motivation followed by physical capability and automatic motivation. Conclusions: Multiple personal, social, and environmental factors affect NRT adherence. Hence, it is recommended to implement a multifaceted behavioural intervention incorporating factors categorised under the COM-B model, which is the hub of the behaviour change wheel (BCW) to improve adherence and quitting.
  • 772
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Pioglitazone Use and Sepsis Mortality
The pioglitazone use via the PPARγ agonist in sepsis patients is inconclusive. It was based on a great number of animal studies. However, except for information from animal studies, there are merely no data of human for reference. This study was conducted by a unique database including 1.6 million of diabetic patients. From 1999 to 2013, a total of 145,327 type 2 diabetic patients, first admitted for sepsis, were enrolled. Propensity score matching was conducted in a 1:5 ratio between pioglitazone users and nonusers. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of hospital mortality in pioglitazone users. Further stratification analysis and Kaplan-Meier plot were utilized. A total of 9,310 sepsis pioglitazone users (defined as "ever" use pioglitazone in any dose within 3 months prior to the first admission for sepsis) and 46,550 matched nonusers were retrieved, respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression model, the cohort of pioglitazone users (9,310) had a decreased aOR = 0.95 (95% CI, 0.89-1.02) of sepsis mortality. Further stratification analysis demonstrated that "chronic pioglitazone users" (defined as "at least" 4 weeks drug use within 3 months) (3,399) was much associated with significant aOR = 0.80 (95% CI, 0.72-0.89) in reducing sepsis mortality. This first human cohort study demonstrated the potential protective effect of chronic pioglitazone use in type 2 diabetic sepsis patients.
  • 772
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Adhesive Capsulitis of Shoulder
Adhesive capsulitis, also known as a frozen shoulder, is a painful and disabling disorder of unclear cause in which the shoulder capsule, the connective tissue surrounding the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, becomes inflamed and stiff, greatly restricting motion and causing pain. Pain is usually constant, worse at night, and with cold weather. Certain movements or bumps can provoke episodes of increased pain. People who have adhesive capsulitis usually experience pain and sleep deprivation for prolonged periods due to pain that gets worse when lying still and restricted movement. The condition can lead to depression, problems in the neck and back, and weight loss due to long-term lack of deep sleep. People who have adhesive capsulitis may have difficulty concentrating, working, or performing daily life activities for extended periods of time. The condition tends to be self-limiting and usually resolves over time without surgery. Most people regain about 90% of shoulder motion over time. The condition is thought to be caused by injury or trauma to the area and may have an autoimmune component. Risk factors for frozen shoulder include tonic seizures, diabetes mellitus, stroke, accidents, lung disease, connective tissue diseases, thyroid disease, and heart disease. It is more prevalent in people 40–65 years of age, and in females. Treatment may be painful and taxing and consists of physical therapy, occupational therapy, medication, massage therapy, hydrodilatation or surgery. A physician may also perform manipulation under anesthesia, which breaks up the adhesions and scar tissue in the joint to help restore some range of motion. Alternative treatments exist such as the Trigenics OAT Procedure, ART, and the OTZ method. But these can vary in efficacy depending on the type and severity of the frozen shoulder. Pain and inflammation can be controlled with pain medications such as NSAIDs. Steroid injection alone is only of short term benefit in improving pain.
  • 771
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Somatic Cell Therapy Medicinal Products Treat Retinal Dystrophies
Inherited retinal dystrophies and retinal degenerations related to more common diseases (i.e., age-related macular dystrophy) are a major issue and one of the main causes of low vision in pediatric and elderly age groups. Advancement and understanding in molecular biology and the possibilities raised by gene-editing techniques opened a new era for clinicians and patients due to feasible possibilities of treating disabling diseases and the reduction in their complications burden.
  • 770
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Exergames in Childhood Obesity Treatment
In the last decade, active video games (exergames) have been proposed in obesity prevention and treatment as a potential tool to increase physical activity.
  • 768
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Therapy of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex, multifactorial degenerative disease of the joint, characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive loss of articular cartilage, subchondral bone sclerosis and osteophyte formation, changes in the synovial membrane and increased volume of synovial fluid with altered coefficient of friction. In some respects, it can also be viewed as an inflammatory disease, leading to chronic pain and decrease of life quality.
  • 766
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cyclopropenium Nanoparticles and Gene Transfection
Non-viral vectors for the transfection of genetic material are at the frontier of medical science. In this article, we introduce for the first time cyclopropenium-containing nanoparticles as a cationic carrier for gene transfection, as an alternative to the common quaternary ammonium transfection agents. Cyclopropenium-based cationic nanoparticles were prepared by crosslinking poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) with tetrachlorocyclopropene. These nanoparticles were electrostatically complexed with plasmid DNA into nanoparticles (~50 nm). Their cellular uptake into F929 mouse fibroblast cells, and their eventual expression in vitro have been described. Transfection is enhanced relative to PEI with minimal toxicity. These cyclopropenium nanoparticles possess efficient gene transfection capabilities with minimal cytotoxicity, which makes them novel and promising candidates for gene therapy.
  • 764
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cytokine Therapy with Nanomaterials Participates in Cancer Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy has gradually become an emerging treatment modality for tumors after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Cytokine therapy is a promising treatment for cancer immunotherapy. There are many preclinical theoretical bases to support this treatment strategy and a variety of cytokines in clinical trials. When cytokines were applied to tumor immunotherapy, it was found that the efficacy was not satisfactory. As research on tumor immunity has deepened, the role of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment has been further explored.
  • 763
  • 08 Dec 2022
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