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Topic Review
The Catalytic Activity and the inhibition profile of the carbonic anhydrase CynT2
CAs catalyze the physiologically crucial reversible reaction of the carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and protons. Herein, we investigated the sulfonamide inhibition profile of the recombinant β-CA (CynT2) identified in the genome of the Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. This biocatalyst is indispensable for the growth of the microbe at atmospheric pCO2. CynT2 was strongly inhibited by some substituted benzene-sulfonamides, and the clinically used inhibitor sulpiride (KIs in the range of 82–97 nM). This study may be relevant for identifying novel CA inhibitors, as well as for another essential part of the drug discovery pipeline, such as the structure-activity relationship for this class of enzyme inhibitors.  
  • 768
  • 17 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Alcohol Septal Ablation and HCM
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined by an unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy, not solely secondary to abnormal loading conditions.
  • 768
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Adverse Health Effects from Lunar Dust Exposure
The respirable fraction of lunar dusts may be toxic to humans. NASA has therefore determined that an exposure standard is necessary to limit the amount of respirable airborne lunar dusts to which astronauts will be exposed. The nominal toxicity that is expected from ordinary mineral dust may be increased for lunar dusts due to the large and chemically reactive surfaces of the dust grains. Human exposures to mineral dusts during industrial operations and from volcanic eruptions give researchers some sense of the relative toxicity of lunar dust, although the Earth-based analogs have serious limitations. Animal and cellular studies provide further evidence that mineral dusts can be somewhat toxic. Earth-based research of mineral dust has shown that freshly fractured surfaces are chemically reactive and can elicit an increased toxic response. Since lunar dust is formed in space vacuum from highly energetic processes, the grain surfaces can be expected to be indefinitely reactive on the lunar surface. NASA predicts that this chemical reactivity will change once the dust is brought into a habitable environment. Dust from lunar soil that was carried into spacecraft during the Apollo missions proved to be a nuisance. The lack of gravity, or the existence of microgravity, increases the time during which dust remains airborne, thereby increasing the probability that these dust particles will be inhaled. Lunar dust particles that are generated by impaction in a deep vacuum have complex shapes and highly reactive surfaces that are coated with a thin layer of vapor-deposited mineral phase. Airborne mineral dust in a variety of forms has been shown to present a serious health hazard to ground-based workers. Crew members who will be at a lunar outpost can be directly exposed to lunar dust in several ways. After crew members perform spacewalks or EVAs, they will introduce into the habitat a large quantity of dust that will have collected on spacesuits and boots. Cleaning of the suits between EVAs and changing of the Environmental Control Life Support System (ECLSS) filters are other operations that could result in direct exposure to lunar dusts. In addition, if the final spacesuit design is based on the current spacesuit design, EVAs may cause dermal injuries, and the introduction of lunar dusts into the suits' interior, which may enhance skin abrasions. When the crew leaves the lunar surface and returns to microgravity, the dust that is introduced into the crew return vehicle will "float," thus increasing the opportunity for ocular and respiratory injury.
  • 768
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Endocrine Management of Transgender Adults
The attention to transgender medicine has changed over the last decade and the interest is most likely going to increase in the future due to the fact that gender-affirming treatments are now being requested by an increasing number of transgender people. Even if gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is based on a multidisciplinary approach, this review is going to focus on the procedures adopted by the endocrinologist in an out-clinic setting once an adult patient is referred by another specialist for ‘gender affirming’ therapy.
  • 766
  • 30 May 2021
Topic Review
Somatic Cell Therapy Medicinal Products Treat Retinal Dystrophies
Inherited retinal dystrophies and retinal degenerations related to more common diseases (i.e., age-related macular dystrophy) are a major issue and one of the main causes of low vision in pediatric and elderly age groups. Advancement and understanding in molecular biology and the possibilities raised by gene-editing techniques opened a new era for clinicians and patients due to feasible possibilities of treating disabling diseases and the reduction in their complications burden.
  • 764
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pioglitazone Use and Sepsis Mortality
The pioglitazone use via the PPARγ agonist in sepsis patients is inconclusive. It was based on a great number of animal studies. However, except for information from animal studies, there are merely no data of human for reference. This study was conducted by a unique database including 1.6 million of diabetic patients. From 1999 to 2013, a total of 145,327 type 2 diabetic patients, first admitted for sepsis, were enrolled. Propensity score matching was conducted in a 1:5 ratio between pioglitazone users and nonusers. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of hospital mortality in pioglitazone users. Further stratification analysis and Kaplan-Meier plot were utilized. A total of 9,310 sepsis pioglitazone users (defined as "ever" use pioglitazone in any dose within 3 months prior to the first admission for sepsis) and 46,550 matched nonusers were retrieved, respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression model, the cohort of pioglitazone users (9,310) had a decreased aOR = 0.95 (95% CI, 0.89-1.02) of sepsis mortality. Further stratification analysis demonstrated that "chronic pioglitazone users" (defined as "at least" 4 weeks drug use within 3 months) (3,399) was much associated with significant aOR = 0.80 (95% CI, 0.72-0.89) in reducing sepsis mortality. This first human cohort study demonstrated the potential protective effect of chronic pioglitazone use in type 2 diabetic sepsis patients.
  • 763
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Leishmania for Developing a Novel Vaccine Platform
“Bugs as drugs” in medicine encompasses the use of microbes to enhance the efficacy of vaccination, such as the delivery of vaccines by Leishmania—the protozoan etiological agent of leishmaniasis. This novel approach is appraised in light of the successful development of vaccines for Covid-19. All relevant aspects of this pandemic are summarized to provide the necessary framework in contrast to leishmaniasis.
  • 762
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Adhesive Capsulitis of Shoulder
Adhesive capsulitis, also known as a frozen shoulder, is a painful and disabling disorder of unclear cause in which the shoulder capsule, the connective tissue surrounding the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, becomes inflamed and stiff, greatly restricting motion and causing pain. Pain is usually constant, worse at night, and with cold weather. Certain movements or bumps can provoke episodes of increased pain. People who have adhesive capsulitis usually experience pain and sleep deprivation for prolonged periods due to pain that gets worse when lying still and restricted movement. The condition can lead to depression, problems in the neck and back, and weight loss due to long-term lack of deep sleep. People who have adhesive capsulitis may have difficulty concentrating, working, or performing daily life activities for extended periods of time. The condition tends to be self-limiting and usually resolves over time without surgery. Most people regain about 90% of shoulder motion over time. The condition is thought to be caused by injury or trauma to the area and may have an autoimmune component. Risk factors for frozen shoulder include tonic seizures, diabetes mellitus, stroke, accidents, lung disease, connective tissue diseases, thyroid disease, and heart disease. It is more prevalent in people 40–65 years of age, and in females. Treatment may be painful and taxing and consists of physical therapy, occupational therapy, medication, massage therapy, hydrodilatation or surgery. A physician may also perform manipulation under anesthesia, which breaks up the adhesions and scar tissue in the joint to help restore some range of motion. Alternative treatments exist such as the Trigenics OAT Procedure, ART, and the OTZ method. But these can vary in efficacy depending on the type and severity of the frozen shoulder. Pain and inflammation can be controlled with pain medications such as NSAIDs. Steroid injection alone is only of short term benefit in improving pain.
  • 761
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Poor adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is associated with low rates of smoking cessation. Hence, this study aims to identify and map patient-related factors associated with adherence to NRT using the capability, opportunity, motivation, and behaviour (COM-B) model. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by searching five databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) and grey literature on 30 August 2020. Data were extracted, thematically analysed, and mapped to the COM-B model. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool was utilised to assess the quality of studies. Results: A total of 2929 citations were screened, and 26 articles with a total of 13,429 participants included. Thirty-one factors were identified and mapped to COM-B model: psychological capability (forgetfulness, education), physical capability (level of nicotine dependence, withdrawal symptoms), reflective motivation (perception about NRT and quitting), automatic motivation (alcohol use, stress, depression), physical opportunity (cost), and social opportunity (social support). The most prominent element associated with adherence was reflective motivation followed by physical capability and automatic motivation. Conclusions: Multiple personal, social, and environmental factors affect NRT adherence. Hence, it is recommended to implement a multifaceted behavioural intervention incorporating factors categorised under the COM-B model, which is the hub of the behaviour change wheel (BCW) to improve adherence and quitting.
  • 760
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Exergames in Childhood Obesity Treatment
In the last decade, active video games (exergames) have been proposed in obesity prevention and treatment as a potential tool to increase physical activity.
  • 760
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cytokine Therapy with Nanomaterials Participates in Cancer Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy has gradually become an emerging treatment modality for tumors after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Cytokine therapy is a promising treatment for cancer immunotherapy. There are many preclinical theoretical bases to support this treatment strategy and a variety of cytokines in clinical trials. When cytokines were applied to tumor immunotherapy, it was found that the efficacy was not satisfactory. As research on tumor immunity has deepened, the role of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment has been further explored.
  • 759
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cutaneous T-cell Lymphomas
Although various anti-cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) therapies are available for clinical use, appropriate chemotherapy lines for the treatment of CTCLs have yet to be established. Therefore, to date, various clinical trials for the treatment of advanced CTCLs are ongoing. In this review, we evaluate the therapeutic options that are available in clinical practice, for treatment of early- and advanced-stage CTCLs (targeted therapies, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, retinoids, interferons, cytotoxic drugs, etc.). We also examine clinical trials of novel regimens for the treatment of CTCLs.
  • 758
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cyclopropenium Nanoparticles and Gene Transfection
Non-viral vectors for the transfection of genetic material are at the frontier of medical science. In this article, we introduce for the first time cyclopropenium-containing nanoparticles as a cationic carrier for gene transfection, as an alternative to the common quaternary ammonium transfection agents. Cyclopropenium-based cationic nanoparticles were prepared by crosslinking poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) with tetrachlorocyclopropene. These nanoparticles were electrostatically complexed with plasmid DNA into nanoparticles (~50 nm). Their cellular uptake into F929 mouse fibroblast cells, and their eventual expression in vitro have been described. Transfection is enhanced relative to PEI with minimal toxicity. These cyclopropenium nanoparticles possess efficient gene transfection capabilities with minimal cytotoxicity, which makes them novel and promising candidates for gene therapy.
  • 757
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Link between Pheochromocytomas and Abdominal Paragangliomas
Pheochromocytomas and abdominal paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare tumors arising from the adrenal medulla or the sympathetic nervous system. The incidence of PPGLs has risen. Most cases are detected via imaging and less present with symptoms of catecholamine excess. Most PPGLs secrete catecholamines, with diffuse symptoms. Diagnosis is made by imaging and tests of catecholamines. Localized disease can be cured by surgery. PPGLs are the most heritable of all human tumors, and germline variants are found in approximately 30–50% of cases
  • 756
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Music as a Coping Strategy
Music as a coping strategy involves the use of music (through listening or playing music) in order to reduce stress, as well as many of the psychological and physical manifestations associated with it. The use of music to cope with stress is an example of an emotion-focused, adaptive coping strategy. Rather than focusing on the stressor itself, music therapy is typically geared towards reducing or eliminating the emotions that arise in response to stress. In essence, advocates of this therapy claim that the use of music helps to lower stress levels in patients, as well as lower more biologically measurable quantities such as the levels of epinephrine and cortisol. Additionally, music therapy programs have been repeatedly demonstrated to reduce depression and anxiety symptoms in the long term.
  • 751
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Chagas Disease
This is a timeline of Chagas disease, describing major events such as scientific and medical developments, as well as major organizations and campaigns aimed at combating the disease.
  • 745
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Trauma Systems Therapy
Trauma Systems Therapy (TST) is a mental health treatment model for children and adolescents who have been exposed to trauma, defined as experiencing, witnessing, or confronting "an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others". TST focuses on the child's emotional and behavioral needs as well as the environments where the child lives (home, school, community). The treatment model includes four components (skill-based psychotherapy, home and community-based care, advocacy, and psychopharmacology) that are fully described in a published manual. A clinical trial showed that TST is effective in improving the mental health and well-being of children who have been traumatized. TST has also been successfully replicated. TST is not just for victims, but also educates the victims' significant others in order for them to support the victims in their recovery and help them control their emotions during future stressful events. When referring to TST, therapists analyze four categories: the reason a child may need TST, the signs and symptoms expressed by the child, the management and treatment methods and the results of children who have gone through TST. A look at what causes emotional trauma, the families involved, and how therapy can heal the child as well as the adult are also important factors.
  • 744
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Transition in X-Linked Hypophosphatemia
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common form of inherited disorders that are characterized by renal phosphate wasting, but it is a rare chronic disease. XLH presents in multisystemic organs, not only in childhood, but also in adulthood. Transition barriers, including a fear of a new health care system and/or hospital, inadequate planning, and system difficulties, are experienced by AYAs and their families. Core elements in HCT consist of transition policy, transition tracking and monitoring, transition readiness, transition planning, transfer and/or integration into adult-centered care, and transition completion and ongoing care with adult clinicians. Regarding HCT for XLH, the timelines of transfer include transition readiness tracking, the initiation of assessments on transition readiness, transition planning, transfer of care, and post transfer.
  • 742
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Retreatment Strategies for Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealers
Since the introduction of calcium silicate-based materials in dentistry, calcium silicate-based root canal sealers have become popular among dentists because of their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and sealing ability. Therefore, effective retreatment strategies are indispensable.
  • 741
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Kinase Inhibitors in Genetic Diseases
Gene variants may have functional consequences on the protein product. The variants can be classified as loss of function (LOF) when the protein function is reduced or lost and gain of function (GOF) when the protein function is enhanced or a new function is acquired. Kinase inhibitors have been used for many years in tumor therapy, and new monoclonal antibodies—as well as small inhibitory molecules with different indications in tumor therapy—are approved every year by the regulatory agencies. human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) inhibitors are currently used in HER2-positive carcinomas, including breast, colon, and non-small-cell lung (NSCLC) cancers, Abl inhibitors are used in chronic myeloid leukemia. 
  • 739
  • 17 Mar 2023
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