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Topic Review
Hypervitaminosis D
Hypervitaminosis D is a state of vitamin D toxicity. The normal range for blood concentration is 30.0 to 74.0 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL).
  • 798
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Medicinal Cannabis—Potential Drug Interactions
The endocannabinoids system (ECS) has garnered considerable interest as a potential therapeutic target in various carcinomas and cancer-related conditions alongside neurodegenerative diseases. Cannabinoids are implemented in several physiological processes such as appetite stimulation, energy balance, pain modulation and the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). However, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics interactions could be perceived in drug combinations, so in this short entry we tried to shed light on the potential drug interactions of medicinal cannabis. Hitherto, few data have been provided to the healthcare practitioners about the drug–drug interactions of cannabinoids with other prescription medications. In general, cannabinoids are usually well tolerated, but bidirectional effects may be expected with concomitant administered agents via affected membrane transporters (Glycoprotein p, breast cancer resistance proteins, and multidrug resistance proteins) and metabolizing enzymes (Cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases). Caution should be undertaken to closely monitor the responses of cannabis users with certain drugs to guard their safety, especially for the elderly and people with chronic diseases or kidney and liver conditions.  
  • 795
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Urinary Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Disease
Urinary biomarkers are molecules found in urine that can be used as indicators of certain diseases or health conditions. The presence or absence of these biomarkers can help in the early detection of diseases, allowing for timely intervention and treatment, improving patients outcomes.
  • 794
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Flavonoids, Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Obesity is a medical condition, defined by WHO as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that can compromise health. Energy imbalance in which energy intake is greater than energy expenditure is the primary cause of visceral or central obesity, as excess energy is stored as triglycerides within adipocytes, which increase in size (hypertrophy phynotype), and number (hyperplasic phenotype), or both. By accumulating excess energy, adipocytes become hypertrophic, which causes the release of free fatty acids into the circulation (lipotoxicity), adipocytes change their immunological balance, which promotes, with adipose tissue resident immunes cells (macrophages), the production and the circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines and decreases the concentration of anti-inflammatory adipokines, such as adiponectin. These changes in adipose tissue lead to the development of chronic state of low-grade inflammation that secondarily generates obesity-related complications, commonly known as metabolic syndrome. This syndrome includes insulin resistance, hyperglycemia type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia (decreased concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides), steatosis, fibrosis, hypertension, heart attack. The literature strongly suggests that flavonoids demonstrate an important biological effect on obesity, as demonstrated by their ability to lower fat mass, lipid droplets in the liver, and total triglycerides/cholesterol in both in vitro and in vivo models.
  • 792
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Protein Delivery in Anticancer Applications
Developments in cancer nanomedicine in the past decade have focused on enhancing efficacy while reducing adverse side effects. Researchers often focus on the ability of the delivery vehicles or the drugs themselves to target tumors and improve the biodistribution in the body. The rest of this review discusses the different biomaterials, especially nanoparticle-based therapeutic strategies, ranging from the use of protein—based as naturally derived nanocarriers for anticancer drugs—to exploiting the function of T cells by developing antigen/adjuvant vaccines, or genetically engineered T cells to improve the immunity of the hosts, and gene modification—especially using CRISPR/Cas9 system.
  • 792
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PDX-1
The PDX-1, also known as IUF-1 (insulin upstream factor 1), IPF-1 (insulin promoter factor 1), STF-1 (somatostatin transcription factor 1), and IDX-1 (islet/duodenum homeobox-1), is a member of the homeodomain (HD)-containing transcription factor family and was first found in Xenopus laevis.
  • 790
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics is the study of inherited genetic differences in drug metabolic pathways (and other pharmacological principles, like enzymes, messengers and receptors) which can affect individual responses to drugs, both in terms of therapeutic effect as well as adverse effects. The term pharmacogenetics is often used interchangeably with the term pharmacogenomics which also investigates the role of acquired and inherited genetic differences in relation to drug response and drug behaviour through a systematic examination of genes, gene products, and inter- and intra-individual variation in gene expression and function. In oncology, pharmacogenetics historically is the study of germline mutations (e.g., single-nucleotide polymorphisms affecting genes coding for liver enzymes responsible for drug deposition and pharmacokinetics), whereas pharmacogenomics refers to somatic mutations in tumoral DNA leading to alteration in drug response (e.g., KRAS mutations in patients treated with anti-Her1 biologics). Pharmacogenetics is believed to account for inter-ethnic differences (e.g., between patients of Asian, Caucasian and African descent) in adverse events and efficacy profiles of many widely used drugs in cancer chemotherapy.
  • 790
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has long been considered to be a purely motor disorder. However, it has become apparent that many ALS patients develop cognitive and behavioral manifestations similar to frontotemporal dementia and the term amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTSD) is now used in these circumstances. 
  • 789
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
RNA Technology and Challenges in Leishmaniasis Vaccines
Leishmania parasites cause a variety of discrete clinical diseases that present in regions where their specific sand fly vectors sustain transmission. Clinical and laboratory research indicate the potential of immunization to prevent leishmaniasis and a wide array of vaccine candidates have been proposed. Unfortunately, multiple factors have precluded advancement of more than a few Leishmania targeting vaccines to clinical trial.
  • 789
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
New Pediatric Vaccines against Pertussis
Whooping cough, or pertussis, mostly caused by Bordetella pertussis, is a respiratory disease that affects all age groups, but severe and fatal pertussis occurs almost exclusively in young children. Current vaccination strategies have shown their limits and novel vaccines are needed to definitively control this disease.
  • 789
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Representative Components of Innate Immunity
The breach of the host immune system by pathogenic microorganisms generates an array of immune reactions through the synergy between the diversified cluster of pathogen-based virulence factors and defensive immune processes of the host. The host–pathogen encounter usually launches immune reactions via identification of conserved molecular structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Active recognition of a PAMP immediately elicits an immune response in the host by stimulating multiplex signaling pathways that climax in the inflammatory responses regulated by numerous chemokines and cytokines, which consequently promote the elimination of the harmful microorganism carrying the PAMP, such as viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Moreover, the innate immune system expands efficient defense against pathogenic microbes by initiating adaptive immunity, which involves immunological memory and is long-lasting. Adaptive immunity is characterized by the formation of antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes via gene rearrangement.
  • 786
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms and COVID-19
A COVID Stress Syndrome, which is mainly characterized as being anxious and frightened to be contaminated, has been introduced. Despite the fact that contamination fear is a type of OCD symptom, there is minor focus on patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the life prevalence of which is approximately 2% of the population. Patients’ vulnerability may be strengthened during COVID-19; exacerbation of OCD symptoms, especially contamination fear, has been reported following previous epidemic disease outbreaks such as SARS-CoV, partly since both diseases arouse a fear of infection, which is a trigger of contamination fear, and requires a thorough hand-washing. 
  • 786
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Clozapine and Constipation
Clozapine is a highly protein-bound drug that is metabolized to norclozapine (desmethylclozapine) and other metabolites by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and also with some effect from the enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. Each enzyme is more effective at different clozapine concentrations and has its own set of inducers and inhibitors, which makes plasma level monitoring and dose adjustments crucial in maintaining the drug’s therapeutic value. Studies investigating the pharmacokinetic parameters of clozapine in patients with schizophrenia also echo this need for monitoring, as clozapine was shown to have a “wide interpatient variability” in the time it takes to reach peak plasma concentrations (1.1 to 3.6 h), elimination half-life (9.1 to 17.4 h), clearance (8.7 to 53.3 L/h), and volume of distribution (1.6 to 7.3 L/kg).
  • 782
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Diagnostics of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a hypercoagulation condition associated with the incidence of heterogenic antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs), which non-specifically affect hemostasis processes. APS is clinically manifested by recurrent arterial and venous thromboses and reproduction losses. The aPL antibodies, which may induce clinical manifestations of APS, include criteria antibodies anti-cardiolipin, anti-β2-glycoprotein-I, and lupus anticoagulant, but also non-criteria antibodies, for example anti-β2-glycoprotein-I domain I, anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin, anti-annexin V, and many others. APS occurs mostly in patients of younger and middle age, most frequently in females. Laboratory diagnostics of APS are quite difficult, as they include a wide spectrum of examining methods, which are based on various principles of detection and are performed using various laboratory techniques.
  • 780
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
CernySmith Assessment
The CernySmith Assessment (CSA) is a comprehensive online questionnaire developed by Leonard J. Cerny II and David S. Smith that inquires about the impact of change and stress on productivity and resilience. This self-discovery assessment for personal growth, coaching, mentoring, and counseling helps answer three basic questions: 1) How am I doing? 2) What can I learn from how I am doing? and 3) What can I do about it?
  • 780
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Home Care
Home care (also referred to as domiciliary care, social care, or in-home care) is supportive care provided in the home. Care may be provided by licensed healthcare professionals who provide medical treatment needs or by professional caregivers who provide daily assistance to ensure the activities of daily living (ADLs) are met. In-home medical care is often and more accurately referred to as home health care or formal care. Often, the term home health care is used to distinguish it from non-medical care, custodial care, or private-duty care which refers to assistance and services provided by persons who are not nurses, doctors, or other licensed medical personnel. For terminally ill patients, home care may include hospice care. For patients recovering from surgery or illness, home care may include rehabilitative therapies. Home health services help adults, seniors, and pediatric clients who are recovering after a hospital or facility stay, or need additional support to remain safely at home and avoid unnecessary hospitalization. These Medicare-certified services may include short-term nursing, rehabilitative, therapeutic, and assistive home health care. This care is provided by registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses (LPN's), physical therapists (PTs), occupational therapists (OTs), speech language pathologists (SLPs), home health aides (HHAs) and medical social workers (MSWs) as a limited number of up to one hour visits, addressed primarily through the Medicare Home Health benefit. The largest segment of home care consists of licensed and unlicensed non-medical personnel, including caregivers who assist the individual. Care assistants may help the individual with daily tasks such as bathing, eating, cleaning the home and preparing meals. Caregivers work to support the needs of individuals who require such assistance. These services help the client to stay at home versus living in a facility. Non-medical home care is paid for by the individual or family. The term "private-duty" refers to the private pay nature of these relationships. Home care (non-medical) has traditionally been privately funded as opposed to home health care which is task-based and government or insurance funded. These traditional differences in home care services are changing as the average age of the population has risen. Individuals typically desire to remain independent and use home care services to maintain their existing lifestyle. Government and Insurance providers are beginning to fund this level of care as an alternative to facility care. In-Home Care is often a lower cost solution to long-term care facilities.
  • 779
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stem/Progenitor Cells on Lymphangiogenesis in Vascular Disease
Lymphatic vessels, as the main tube network of fluid drainage and leukocyte transfer, are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis and pathological repairment. By using genetic lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing techniques, significant cognitive progress has been made about the impact of stem/progenitor cells during lymphangiogenesis. In the embryonic stage, the lymphatic network is primarily formed through self-proliferation and polarized-sprouting from the lymph sacs. However, the assembly of lymphatic stem/progenitor cells also guarantees the sustained growth of lymphvasculogenesis to obtain the entire function. In addition, there are abundant sources of stem/progenitor cells in postnatal tissues, including circulating progenitors, mesenchymal stem cells, and adipose tissue stem cells, which can directly differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells and participate in lymphangiogenesis. 
  • 779
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Semiconductor (SC)-based field-effect transistors (FETs)
Semiconductor (SC)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have been demonstrated as amazing enhancer gadgets due to their delicate interface towards surface adsorption. This leads to their application as sensors and biosensors. Additionally, the semiconductor material has enormous recognizable fixation extends, high affectability, high consistency for solid detecting, and the ability to coordinate with other microfluidic gatherings. This review focused on current progress on the semiconductor-interfaced FET biosensor through the fundamental interface structure of sensor design, including inorganic semiconductor/aqueous interface, photoelectrochemical interface, nano-optical interface, and metal-assisted interface. The works that also point to a further advancement for the trademark properties mentioned have been reviewed here. The emergence of research on the organic semiconductor interface, integrated biosensors with Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible, metal-organic frameworks, has accelerated the practical application of biosensors. Through a solid request for research along with sensor application, it will have the option to move forward the innovative sensor with the extraordinary semiconductor interface structure. 
  • 778
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Immunization Strategies
Targeted immunization strategies are approaches designed to increase the immunization level of populations and decrease the chances of epidemic outbreaks. Though often in regards to use in healthcare practices and the administration of vaccines to prevent biological epidemic outbreaks, these strategies refer in general to immunization schemes in complex networks, biological, social or artificial in nature. Identification of at-risk groups and individuals with higher odds of spreading the disease often plays an important role in these strategies.
  • 776
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
In-Training (Magazine)
in-Training is an online peer-reviewed publication for medical students. It was founded on April 5, 2012 by Ajay Major and Aleena Paul, two medical students at Albany Medical College, as the first online publication in the United States that is written, edited, and produced entirely by medical students. in-Training identifies itself as "the agora of the medical student community" and strives to be the intellectual center for news, commentary, and the free expression of the medical student voice. in-Training is edited and managed entirely by an independent editorial board of over 40 volunteer, unpaid medical students. in-Training publishes a wide array of written content generated by medical students, as well as artistic works. Content is published continuously throughout the year in a blog format on the magazine’s website, in-training.org. in-Training published a print book entitled in-Training: Stories from Tomorrow's Physicians on April 29, 2016. The book is a compendium of 102 articles originally published on in-Training accompanied by discussion questions. in-Training published its 1000th article on September 18, 2016, representing 450 medical student authors at 152 medical schools in 19 countries.
  • 772
  • 09 Nov 2022
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