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Topic Review
Climate Change Risk Indicator
Climate change has threatened the infrastructure, operation, policymaking, and other pivotal aspects of transport systems with the accelerating pace of extreme weather events.
  • 609
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides from Photosynthetic Marine Organisms
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides that may be promising candidates to replace antibiotics because they are the first line of defense in animals against a wide variety of pathogens and have no negative effects; they also show additional activities such as antioxidant or immunoregulatory functions, which makes them powerful alternatives for use in aquaculture. AMPs are highly available in natural sources and have already been used in the livestock farming and food industries.
  • 602
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Marine Bacterial Genus Euzebya in Terrestrial Environments
Euzebya and other haloalkaliphilic bacteria can thrive under harsh conditions, such as high concentrations of sodium and/or calcium, high electric conductivity and alkaline pH, highly variable temperatures, and water fluctuations. These conditions are quasi-extreme in the studied terrestrial environments. 
  • 601
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Indicators to Measure CCMs in Macroalgae
Many algae respond to the CO2 limitation in seawater by inducing a CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to obtain sufficient inorganic carbon to meet their photosynthetic needs. To assess the diversity of the CCM functions and activities in different algae, reliable metrics to measure and quantify the relative functions of CCM need to be established.
  • 597
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Properties Reported from Marine Cyanobacteria
The ocean is a valuable natural resource that contains numerous biologically active compounds with various bioactivities. The marine environment comprises unexplored sources that can be utilized to isolate novel compounds with bioactive properties. Marine cyanobacteria are an excellent source of bioactive compounds that have applications in human health, biofuel, cosmetics, and bioremediation. These cyanobacteria exhibit bioactive properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-obesity effects, making them promising candidates for drug development.
  • 559
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Secondary Metabolites from the Genus Litophyton
Marine soft corals are prolific sources of various natural products that have served as a wealthy reservoir of diverse chemical scaffolds with potential as new drug leads. The genus Litophyton contains almost 100 species but only a small proportion of them has been chemically investigated, which calls for more attentions from global researchers.
  • 531
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms
Under the Climate Change scenario, the occurrence of Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms (HCBs) is an increasingly concerning problem. Particularly for inland freshwaters, that have human populations depending on them for consumption or recreation, HCBs can lead to serious ecological damages and socio-economic impacts, but also to health risks for local communities. 
  • 491
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Characterization and Biodegradation Role of the Copepod-Associated Microbiome
Copepods are the most abundant organisms in marine zooplankton and the primary components of the food chain. They are hotspots for highly adaptable microorganisms, which are pivotal in biogeochemical cycles. The microbiome, encompassing microorganisms within and surrounding marine planktonic organisms, holds considerable potential for biotechnological advancements. Despite marine microbiome research interests expanding, the understanding of the ecological interactions between microbiome and copepods remains limited.
  • 470
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Dolphin Echolocation
Dolphin echolocation is a biological sonar system that allows dolphins to navigate, hunt, and communicate in aquatic environments by emitting sound waves and interpreting returning echoes. This capability enables them to determine the distance, size, shape, movement, and even internal structure of objects with remarkable precision.
  • 467
  • 13 Oct 2025
Topic Review
Coelacanth
The coelacanth is a rare and ancient lineage of lobe-finned fish belonging to the class Actinistia. Once thought to have been extinct for over 65 million years, the rediscovery of the coelacanth in 1938 off the coast of South Africa challenged prevailing assumptions about the fossil record and the dynamics of extinction. This "living fossil" provides invaluable insights into vertebrate evolution, particularly the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life.
  • 247
  • 10 Oct 2025
Topic Review
Otodus megalodon
Otodus megalodon was a gigantic predatory shark that lived from the early Miocene to the Pliocene Epoch. It is considered one of the largest and most powerful marine predators in Earth’s history. Known primarily from its fossilized teeth and vertebrae, O. megalodon played a crucial ecological role as an apex predator in Cenozoic marine ecosystems before its extinction in the late Pliocene.
  • 87
  • 17 Oct 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Illustrated Guide to the Main Macroalgae of the Portuguese Continental Atlantic Coast
The Portuguese Atlantic continental coast serves as a biogeographic transition zone where numerous macroalgal species reach their distribution limits, making it an especially intriguing area for studying shifts in species distribution. This region features sandy beaches and rocky outcrops that serve as habitats for a diverse range of organisms, including macroalgae. This illustrated guide aims to provide a simple and accessible overview of some of the most representative macroalgae species found along this coastline, specifically those designed for non-specialists in seaweed identification. Rather than offering a detailed identification key, the guide introduces key aspects of macroalgae—such as pigment composition, taxonomic classification, morphology, branching types, habitat on rocky shores, and potential human uses—in a clear and approachable format. Each species is accompanied by a photographic image, a general morphological description, and information about its typical habitat. Additionally, icons indicate whether a species has potential human applications or is considered non-indigenous. Species are categorized into green, brown, or red macroalgae based on their color and morphological characteristics.
  • 64
  • 27 Oct 2025
Topic Review
Strength in Weakness: The Mutable Collagenous Tissue of Echinoderms
Mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) is a type of connective tissue that is characterized by its capacity to undergo rapid, nervously mediated changes in mechanical properties. In terms of both the magnitude of these changes and the timescale within which they occur (less than one second to a few minutes), this tissue appears to be unique to the phylum Echinodermata and, as it is ubiquitous in all five extant echinoderm classes, it represents one of the four major defining features of the phylum, together with pentaradial symmetry, endoskeletal stereom (calcite meshwork), and the water vascular system. MCT has been the subject of intensive scientific investigation for over 50 years. The primary aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive and definitive survey of the current state of knowledge of this remarkable tissue. After outlining the history of the scientific investigation of MCT, we review current information on its anatomical distribution, organization at the histological, ultrastructural and molecular levels, and physiology—focusing on its mechanical behavior and the regulation of this behavior; its significance for echinoderm biology, including pathology; and biomedical and other applications that exploit MCT-derived components or biological principles. We conclude by drawing attention to more serious deficiencies in the current knowledge base and suggesting how these should be rectified.
  • 14
  • 06 Nov 2025
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