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Topic Review
Antipsychotic Development
While pharmacotherapy of depression appears to have moved from the monoamine hypothesis to more fertile grounds of glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms, it has been challenging to shift the antipsychotic paradigm beyond the dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia. Efforts to develop non-dopaminergic antipsychotic medications (APMs) have produced negative results; thus, there has been no effective APM without dopamine involvement during 70 years of antipsychotic drug development.
  • 962
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Various Antibiotic Interactions with Warfarin
Warfarin is the most widely used oral anticoagulant in North America and in the world. It has a long-established efficacy for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with cardiovascular risk factors such as chronic atrial fibrillation, prosthetic heart valves, venous thromboembolism, and coronary artery disease. 
  • 961
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
NLR in Allergic Diseases
Our understanding on the immunological roles of pathogen recognition in innate immunity has vastly increased over the past 20 years. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLR) are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that are responsible for sensing microbial motifs and endogenous damage signals in mammalian cytosol for immune surveillance and host defense.
  • 960
  • 26 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Magnesium and Morphine in Chronic Neuropathic Pain
The effectiveness of opioids in the treatment of neuropathic pain is limited. It was demonstrated that magnesium ions (Mg2+), physiological antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), increase opioid analgesia in chronic pain. Early data indicate the cross-regulation of mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and NMDAR in pain control. Morphine acting on MOR stimulates protein kinase C (PKC), while induction of NMDAR (for example in a state of neuropathic pain) recruits protein kinase A (PKA) leading to disruption of the MOR-NMDAR complex and promoting functional changes in receptors. The level of phosphorylated NMDAR NR1 subunit (pNR1) and phosphorylated MOR (pMOR) in the periaqueductal gray matter was determined with the Western blot method. The activity of PKA and PKC was examined by standard enzyme immunoassays. Mg2+ administered alone significantly decreased the level of pNR1 and pMOR, and activity of both tested kinases. The results suggest that blocking NMDAR signaling by Mg2+ restores the MOR-NMDAR complex and thus enables morphine analgesia in neuropathic rats.
  • 959
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Circadian Clock to Skin /Cancer
Over the years, the circadian regulation of drug metabolism and processing has been employed in the treatment of a range of disease states, including diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcers, and allergic rhinitis . There is also interest in using chronotherapeutic approaches for skin disease, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis . Although time-dictated drug administration had been demonstrated many decades ago, its application in cancer treatment was limited due to insufficient mechanistic data supporting experimental results and inconsistency among clinical trials.
  • 958
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Marine Drugs in Parkinson’s Disease
Terpenes, shikimates, polyketides, acetogenins, peptides, alkaloids, and many uncharacterized structures, extracted and purified from marine resources, showed various pharmacological activities as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and anticoagulant.
  • 955
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Chalepin and Chalepensin
Dihydrofuranocoumarin, chalepin (1) and furanocoumarin, chalepensin (2) are 3-prenylated bioactive coumarins, first isolated from the well-known medicinal plant Ruta chalepensis L. (Fam: Rutaceae) but also distributed in various species of the genera Boenminghausenia, Clausena and Ruta.
  • 955
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Pollution's Impact on cancer
Nowadays, cancer is the leading cause of death in humans before they reach old age , and some specific, once rare, types connected to environmental and occupational contamination are increasing (e.g., testicular cancer , thyroid cancer , non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma , leukaemia , etc.). After about three decades of research from the first evidence of a link between environmental pollution and cancer in the 1980s, it is easy to feel that we are all, directly or indirectly, subject to an uncontrolled experiment. This makes human studies difficult because humanity may, at this point, lack unexposed controls, such as human beings who have never been in contact with environmental pollution.
  • 955
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mechanism of Adjuvanticity
Vaccines have been extraordinary resources to prevent pathogen diffusion and cancer. Even if they can be formed by a single antigen, the addition of one or more adjuvants represents the key to enhance the response of the immune signal to the antigen, thus accelerating and increasing the duration and the potency of the protective effect. Their use is of particular importance for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly or immunocompromised people.
  • 954
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nanotherapeutic Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in Cancers
Nanotherapeutics serve not so much to overcome the chemotherapeutic treatment, but rather to overcome the chemoresistance of cancers, improve pharmacokinetics of the drugs, and decrease or eliminate their systemic toxicity and so on. The foremost objective of the nanotherapeutics-based approach is to target specific cancer cells and their microenvironment with minimal toxicity by delivering chemotherapeutic agents efficiently to the target site. Moreover, the development of nanotherapeutics in the past few years indicates its considerable potential in the cancer therapeutic domain.
  • 953
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Novel Antituberculosis Agents
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a curable airborne disease currently treated using a drug regimen consisting of four drugs.
  • 951
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Interstitial Lung Diseases
Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of pulmonary disorders characterized by varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis resulting in the loss of alveolar function and impairment of gas exchange.
  • 951
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Anthracycline Dutomycin
Anthracycline dutomycin is a tetracyclic quinone glycoside produced by Streptomyces minoensis NRRL B-5482. SW91 is a C-12 demethylated dutomycin derivative. In vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays of these two compounds were conducted to demonstrate their antiproliferation activities.
  • 951
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Miscellaneous Natural Products for COVID-19
Natural medicine has proven its effectiveness against various illnesses. Most of the pharmaceutical agents currently used can trace their origin to the natural products in one way, shape, or form. Using natural products, which is part of various traditional medical systems to prevent and/or treat diseases, dates back thousands of years in different parts of the world.
  • 951
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Small GTPase RhoA Signaling in Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is one of the most serious psychiatric disorders and is characterized by reductions in both brain volume and spine density in the frontal cortex. RhoA belongs to the RAS homolog (Rho) family and plays critical roles in neuronal development and structural plasticity via Rho-kinase. RhoA activity is regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Several variants in GAPs and GEFs associated with RhoA have been reported to be significantly associated with schizophrenia.
  • 951
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Reproductive Function
       There are many factors that contribute to the decline of the male reproductive system. In particular, aging is associated with an increase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in the antioxidant defense system, leading to oxidative stress, which can be harmful to male germ cells. Although sperm quality is thought to decrease with age, studies in humans have not found a definite negative correlation between aging and sperm quality. Further, advanced paternal age (APA), commonly defined as men over the age of 40 years, is associated with an increase in sperm DNA damage, male infertility and negative progeny outcomes. Although limited, studies have found that there may be benefits to antioxidant supplementation in order to reverse the effects of aging and oxidative stress in males. More studies need to be conducted. 
  • 950
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Marine-Derived Biologically Active Compounds
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease with a prevalence rate of up to 1% and is significantly considered a common worldwide public health concern. Commercially, several traditional formulations are available to treat RA to some extent. However, these synthetic compounds exert toxicity and considerable side effects even at lower therapeutic concentrations. Considering the above-mentioned critiques, research is underway around the world in finding and exploiting potential alternatives. For instance, marine-derived biologically active compounds have gained much interest and are thus being extensively utilized to confront the confines of in practice counterparts, which have become ineffective for 21st-century medical settings. The utilization of naturally available bioactive compounds and their derivatives can minimize these synthetic compounds’ problems to treat RA. Several marine-derived compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and can be effectively used for therapeutic purposes against RA. The results of several studies ensured that the extraction of biologically active compounds from marine sources could provide a new and safe source for drug development against RA.
  • 950
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Hypoxic Tumor Environments in Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become a promising method of cancer treatment due to its unique properties, such as noninvasiveness and low toxicity. The efficacy of PDT is significantly reduced by the hypoxia tumor environments, because PDT involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which requires the great consumption of oxygen. Moreover, the consumption of oxygen caused by PDT would further exacerbate the hypoxia condition, which leads to angiogenesis, invasion of tumors to other parts, and metastasis.
  • 948
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Solid Multicomponent Systems
Supercritical anti-solvent process shows great potential in the scalable and continuous manufacturing of desired solid multicomponent systems.
  • 941
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) currently occupies the second rank in cancer-related global female deaths. Although consistent awareness and improved diagnosis have reduced mortality, late diagnosis and resistant response still limit the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs (CDs), leading to relapse with consequent invasion and metastasis. Treatment with CDs is indeed well-versed but it is badly curtailed with accompanying side effects and inadequacies of site-specific drug delivery. As a result, drug carriers ensuring stealth delivery and sustained drug release with improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution are urgently needed. Core–shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) have been a cornerstone in this context, attributed to their high surface area, low density, robust functionalization, high drug loading capacity, size–shape-controlled functioning, and homogeneous shell architecture, enabling stealth drug delivery.
  • 941
  • 02 Aug 2023
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