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Topic Review
Metabolic Disease in the Offspring
Obesity incidence is rising worldwide, including women of reproductive age, contributing to increased gestations in which Maternal Obesity (MO) occurs. Offspring born to obese mothers present an increased predisposition to develop metabolic (e.g., obesity, diabetes) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The developmental programming of the metabolic dysfunction in MO offspring can initiate in utero. The different availability of metabolic substrates, namely glucose, can modulate cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation, resulting in different levels of tissue maturation and function.
  • 663
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Constructing the Biobank as a Health Place
Biobanks have been established from the beginning of the millennium as relevant infrastructures to support biomedical research. These repositories have also transformed the paradigm of collecting and storing samples and associated clinical data, moving these practices from the healthcare services and research laboratories to dedicated services. Biobanks collect a wide range of samples such as blood, tissues removed in surgeries or biopsies, saliva, hair, teeth, and feces, among others, and these would be, in most of the cases, given by donors voluntarily aiming to contribute for the advancement of biomedical research. Regardless of their health status, every person could be a biobank donor with different attributes or functions. Biobanks store these large amounts of medical information and biological samples collected in healthcare services to be used in biomedical research. These two contexts—healthcare services and research laboratories—have a significant role in determining the chain of procedures through which samples are collected and organized.
  • 662
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Rapid Methods for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) straightaway showed its tendency to mutate and adapt to the host, culminating in the emergence of variants; so it immediately became of crucial importance to be able to detect them quickly but also to be able to monitor in depth the changes on the whole genome to early identify the new possibly emerging variants.
  • 660
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pediatric Surgery Simulation-Based Training
Pediatric surgery is the diagnostic, operative, and postoperative surgical care of children with congenital and acquired anomalies and diseases. The early history of the specialty followed the classic “see one, do one, teach one” philosophy of training but has since evolved to modern methods including simulation-based training (SBT). Current trainees in pediatric surgery face numerous challenges, such as the decreasing incidence of congenital disease and reduced work hours. 
  • 660
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dietary Natural Products and Nutrients on Depression
Neuropsychiatric disease is a serious public health problem in the world. Depression and anxiety are two of the most common neuropsychiatric diseases, and they usually occur simultaneously or sequentially. There are nearly 322 million people suffering from depression in the world and it has become the second leading cause of years lost to disability worldwide. Depression is characterized by fatigue, anhedonia, sleep disturbance, and self-destructive behavior, which seriously affect patients’ mental health and social functions. The pathology of depression was associated with neuroinflammation, monoamine deficiency, gut microbiota disorder, the hyperactivity of the HPA axis, and so on.
  • 659
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Prehabilitation in Aged Patients Undergoing Cardiothoracic Surgeries
An increasing number of advanced age patients are considered for cardiothoracic surgeries. Prehabilitation optimizes the patients’ functional capacity and physiological reserve. However, the effectiveness of prehabilitation on physical functioning and postoperative recovery in the scope of cardiothoracic surgery is still uncertain.
  • 658
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
MIS-C Associated with COVID-19
This study aimed to achieve a better understanding of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • 655
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Blood-Based Biomarkers of Autopsies
Autopsies are still needed for the determination and correction of causes of death, even in “clear-cut” cases. Moreover, post mortem sample handling and analysis are challenges that need to be addressed, as they can produce variability in the findings; for this reason, validation with biomarkers is of key importance. 
  • 655
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Glycocalyx and Neonatal Sepsis
Sepsis carries a substantial risk of morbidity and mortality in newborns, especially preterm-born neonates. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) is a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the vascular endothelium, with important vascular barrier function and cell adhesion properties, serving also as a mechano-sensor for blood flow. eGC shedding is recognized as a fundamental pathophysiological process generating microvascular dysfunction, which in turn contributes to multiple organ failure and death in sepsis.
  • 653
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Human-Centric Approach in Healthcare 4.0
The cyberspace depicts an increasing number of difficulties related to security, especially in healthcare. This is evident from how vulnerable critical infrastructures are to cyberattacks and are unprotected against cybercrime. Users, ideally, should maintain a good level of cyber hygiene, via regular software updates and the development of unique passwords, as an effective way to become resilient to cyberattacks. Cyber security breaches are a top priority, and most users are aware that their behaviours may put them at risk; however, they are not educated to follow best practices, such as protecting their passwords. Mass cyber education may serve as a means to offset poor cyber security behaviours; however, mandatory education becomes a questionable point if the content is not focused on human factors, using human-centric approaches and taking into account end users’ behaviours, which is currently the case. Papers report the best practices that should be used by healthcare organisations and healthcare professionals to maintain good cyber hygiene and how these can be applied via a healthcare use case scenario to increase awareness related to data privacy and cybersecurity. This is an issue of great importance and urgency considering the rapid increase of cyberattacks in healthcare organisations, mainly due to human errors. Further to that, based on human-centric approaches, the long-term vision and future work involves facilitating the development of efficient practices and education associated with cybersecurity hygiene via a flexible, adaptable and practical framework.
  • 653
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Low-Grade Inflammation and Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption
Inflammation is an immunosurveillance response essential for host defense, which serves to repair damaged tissues and eliminate toxic agents. When this response becomes chronic, it results in the presence of immune system cells for an increasing period of time. This state of low-grade inflammation can lead to dysmetabolic conditions that disrupt homeostasis, favoring the development of a wide range of noncommunicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Particular attention has been paid to the increased consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) worldwide. Characterized by being hyperpalatable, affordable and ready-to-eat, UPF have led to a worsening of the diet quality due to their nutritional composition and have already been recognized as a risk factor for diet-related diseases.
  • 652
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Methods for Solving Eye-Tracking Problems
Nowadays, the eye-tracking problem has been tackled in multiple ways that refer to two main approaches: model-based or appearance-based. In the model-based approaches, a geometrical model representing the anatomical structure of the eyeball is commonly used. Among those, there are two subcategories of model-based techniques: corneal-reflection-based methods and shape-based methods.
  • 649
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Motherhood and Schizophrenia
Being a good parent is a very difficult task, made more difficult in the context of serious psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia. The symptoms of the disorder are aggravated by the associated stigma, by poverty, social isolation, and adverse life circumstances. Mothers with schizophrenia need to make difficult decisions, which are hampered by lack of information, social isolation, and no resources. Assistance is theoretically available but is not always accessible, and may not prove effective. Care providers to this population are recommended to partner with mothers with schizophrenia, appreciate their strengths as well as their frailties, offer a wide array of family services and social supports, monitor closely, and be generous with positive feedback.
  • 647
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Security Threats for Medical Wearables
In the past few years, “smart” objects and products have given rise to significant progress in industry production and its security. Advances in digitization that have occurred in the industry, combined with internet technologies and future-oriented technologies in the field of so-called “smart” objects (machines and products), have led to a new and fundamental paradigm shift in industrial production and in their security.
  • 646
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Smoking a Dangerous Addiction
Despite growing knowledge of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on general health, smoking is one of the most widely prevalent addictions around the world. Globally, about 1.1 billion smokers and over 8 million people die each year because of cigarette smoking. Smoking acts as a source for a variety of oral and systemic diseases. Various periodontal issues such as increased pocket depth, loss of alveolar bone, tooth mobility, oral lesions, ulcerations, halitosis, and stained teeth are more common among smokers. This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines from PRISMA, and research articles were retrieved from the Web database sources on 31 May 2021. The quality of research articles was ensured by the type of evidence from combined schema incorporating as schema-13 evidence type description, Cochrane health promotion and public health field (CHPPHF), and the health gains notation framework-14 screening question for quality assessment of qualitative and quantitative studies. Smokers have been found to have bleeding on probing, periodontal pockets, and clinical attachment loss compared to nonsmokers. Oral and respiratory cancers are among the most lethal known diseases caused by cigarette smoking and other commonly occurring sequelae such as stained teeth, periodontal diseases, etc. 
  • 644
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Precision Food Parenting
Precision nutrition is an evolving field, but considers a person’s health/disease status, genetics, metabolomics, microbiome, current food availability (e.g., grocery store, restaurant, home), and personal characteristics (e.g., previous food consumption that day, food preferences, etc.) to inform individualized guidance regarding the optimum nutrient intake to promote health for a child. Many factors influence child dietary intake, the most important of which need to be taken into consideration when making personalized dietary change prescriptions. 
  • 643
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Risk of Arsenic in Portuguese Rice
Arsenic is a metalloid with natural and anthropogenic sources and its inorganic form is toxic to humans. Rice is highly consumed worldwide and is prone to arsenic contamination.
  • 643
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Scalp Cooling
Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA), a side effect with high impact, can be prevented by cooling the scalp during the administration of some cytotoxic drugs. Scalp cooling is a well-known method to try to prevent CIA during the administration of cytotoxic drugs for solid tumors. Using scalp cooling, liquid refrigerant is pumped as coolant through a cooling cap that is placed on the head of the patient. In general, scalp cooling is started 20–45 min prior to, during, and up to 20–150 min after the chemotherapy infusion.
  • 641
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Depression/Anxiety Factors in Old during COVID-19 Pandemic
COVID-19 represents a threat to public health and the mental health of the aged population. Female gender, loneliness, poor sleep quality and poor motor function were identified as factors associated with both depression and anxiety. Levels of physical activity or exercise were associated with depression, with lower levels of activity identified as risk factors and exercising regularly as a protective factor. Several physical health conditions may be associated with anxiety. Aspects related to having a stable and high monthly income represent protective factors for both depression and anxiety.
  • 640
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Sleep Medication in Older Adults
Pharmacy students and supervising community pharmacists are well placed to identify problems related to patients’ sleep disorders. Special attention should be given to the patient’s lifestyle.  A discussion with patients about their sleep patterns, nycturia and fluid intake. Another key point concerns the reassessment of hypnotic medications, particularly upon discharge from hospital; medications were rarely reassessed, and the medication use often failed to comply with the summary of product characteristics. Community pharmacists could collaborate with family physicians to facilitate the discontinuation of hypnotic medications and increase the patient’s commitment to change. Greater awareness of the ADRs associated with hypnotics might help to motivate the patients in this respect.
  • 638
  • 30 Jan 2022
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