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Topic Review
Intestinal Microbial Metabolites in AS
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of axial joints and the pelvis. It is known that intestinal dysbiosis may exert direct pathogenic effects on gut homeostasis and may act as a triggering factor for the host innate immune system to activate and cause inflammation in extraintestinal sites in the so-called “gut-joint axis”, contributing to AS pathogenesis. However, although the intestinal microbiota’s influence on the clinical manifestation of AS is widely accepted, the mechanisms mediating the cross-talk between the intestinal lumen and the immune system are still not completely defined. Recent evidence suggests that the metabolism of microbial species may be a source of metabolites and small molecules participating in the complex network existing between bacteria and host cells. These findings may give inputs for further research of novel pharmacological targets and pave the way to applying dietary interventions to prevent the onset and ameliorate the clinical presentation of the disease.
  • 643
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Histopathology of Cervical HPV Lesions
Only after fully understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of HPV lesions and their interaction with different cofactors such as the microbiota will it be possible to define the most effective strategy for patients. The Pathologist and the HPV test allows identifying women with “high risk” to be included in personalized protocols and targeted follow-up in cynical practice.
  • 641
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Animal Models in Corneal Pathologies
The eye is a complex sensory organ that enables visual perception of the world. The dysfunction of any of these tissues can impair vision. Conduction studies on laboratory animals are essential to ensure the safety of therapeutic products directly applied or injected into the eye to treat ocular diseases before eventually proceeding to clinical trials. Among these tissues, the cornea has unique homeostatic and regenerative mechanisms for maintaining transparency and refraction of external light, which are essential for vision. However, being the outermost tissue of the eye and directly exposed to the external environment, the cornea is particularly susceptible to injury and diseases. This review highlights the evidence for selecting appropriate animals to better understand and treat corneal diseases, which rank as the fifth leading cause of blindness worldwide. The development of reliable and human-relevant animal models is, therefore, a valuable research tool for understanding and translating fundamental mechanistic findings, as well as for assessing therapeutic potential in humans.
  • 631
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Unfolded Protein Response in Cystic Fibrosis
The UPR is responsible for the activation of degradation genes of the ERAD, the increased expression of chaperons and limits the global protein synthesis in cells. It limits the expression of the p.Phe508del-CFTR itself, by the activation of ATF6. Therefore, the hypothesis that it is likely triggered but becomes obvious when other events happen, including infection and/or inflammation, that also contribute the UPR triggering.
  • 626
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a globally prevalent chronic liver disease caused by chronic or binge consumption of alcohol. The liver is highly susceptible to alcohol because it is the first organ where alcohol is metabolized, and it has a high level of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes. Metabolization of alcohol in the liver produces various hepatotoxic byproducts and significant oxidative stress on the liver, leading to the large-scale death of hepatocytes . Oxidative stress and excessive cell death exacerbate inflammation in the liver. Prolonged cell damage and inflammation activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are key players in the development of fibrosis in the liver. ALD encompasses a diverse spectrum, from mild to severe pathologies, including steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 
  • 624
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Preoperative Anemia
Preoperative anemia is a risk predictor of perioperative transfusion of allogeneic blood products, which carries a significant risk of adverse events and mortality. In critically ill and surgical patients, transfusion of a single unit of packedred blood cells increased the multivariate risk of mortality, wound problems, pulmonary complications, postoperative renal dysfunction, systemic sepsis, composite morbidity, and prolonged postoperative LoS compared to propensity-matched patients who did not receive intraoperative allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT). Further concerns have been raised that ABT is associated with recurrence in cancer surgery.
  • 621
  • 05 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Taurine in Skeletal Muscle
Taurine or 2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid is primarily a free occurring sulfur-containing amino acid. Unlike most other amino acids, it is not a building block for proteins, yet classifies as a conditionally essential amino acid that is abundant in excitable tissues such as brain, retina, heart, and skeletal muscle, where intracellular concentrations range from 20 to 70 mmol/kg. Knockout of the taurine transporter in mice results in low taurine concentrations in the muscle and associates with myofiber necrosis and diminished exercise capacity. Interestingly, regulation of taurine and its transporter is altered in the mdx mouse, a model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). DMD is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the absence of dystrophin from the muscle membrane, causing destabilization and contraction-induced muscle cell damage.
  • 621
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pulmonary Stretch and Lung Mechanotransduction
Interstitial lung diseases (not limited to IPF) showing a UIP pattern are subjected to acute exacerbations with dramatic gas exchange impairment requiring ventilatory assistance. Once mechanical ventilation is needed, a protective strategy is advisable in order to reduce lung stretch and consequently avoid fibrotic lung damage progression via mechanotransduction. Differently from the recommended ventilatory management of ARDS patients, an open lung approach with a high level of PEEP to prevent atelectotrauma should be rather avoided.
  • 620
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Breast Imaging
Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in mammography have gained significant popular attention; however, AI has the potential to revolutionize other aspects of breast imaging beyond simple lesion detection. AI has the potential to enhance risk assessment by combining conventional factors with imaging and improve lesion detection through a comparison with prior studies and considerations of symmetry. It also holds promise in ultrasound analysis and automated whole breast ultrasound, areas marked by unique challenges. AI’s potential utility also extends to administrative tasks such as Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) compliance, scheduling, and protocoling, which can reduce the radiologists’ workload. However, adoption in breast imaging faces limitations in terms of data quality and standardization, generalizability, benchmarking performance, and integration into clinical workflows. 
  • 620
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Role of the Complement System in HUS
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an acute disease and the most common cause of childhood acute renal failure. HUS is characterized by a triad of symptoms: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. In most of the cases, HUS occurs as a result of infection caused by Shiga toxin-producing microbes: hemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae type 1. They account for up to 90% of all cases of HUS. The remaining 10% of cases grouped under the general term atypical HUS represent a heterogeneous group of diseases with similar clinical signs. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to E. coli and S. dysenteriae type 1, a variety of bacterial and viral infections can cause the development of HUS. In particular, infectious diseases act as the main cause of aHUS recurrence. The pathogenesis of most cases of atypical HUS is based on congenital or acquired defects of complement system. 
  • 618
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
From ONE Health to ONE Paleopathology: Deep-Time Perspectives on Health in the Face of Climate and Environmental Change
This entry explores the emergence of ONE Paleopathology as a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to understanding health through deep time. The entry discusses key areas where paleopathological research provides crucial insights: animals as sentinels of environmental health, the evolution and transmission of infectious diseases, the impacts of urbanization and pollution on human health, and the effects of climate change on disease patterns. Special attention is given to case studies involving malaria, tuberculosis, and environmental toxicity, demonstrating how past human–environment interactions inform current health strategies. The entry also emphasizes the importance of indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) systems in understanding and managing health challenges, highlighting how traditional ecological knowledge complements scientific approaches. By bridging past and present, ONE Paleopathology offers valuable perspectives for addressing modern health challenges in the context of accelerating environmental change, while promoting more equitable and sustainable approaches to global health.
  • 614
  • 13 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Novel Advances in Treatment of Meningiomas
Meningiomas are extra-axial, slow-growing, and (usually) benign tumors. These tumors arise from meningothelial cells of the arachnoid layer, so they can be encountered anywhere this type of cell is localized.
  • 613
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Selected IBD Biomarkers
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a dysregulated inflammatory condition induced by multiple factors. The etiology of IBD is largely unknown, and the disease progression and prognosis are variable and unpredictable with uncontrolled disease behavior. Monitoring the status of chronic colitis closely is challenging for physicians, because the assessment of disease activity and severity require invasive methods. Using laboratory biomarkers may provide a useful alternative to invasive methods in the diagnosis and management of IBD.
  • 610
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs—The Heart of Post-Myocardial Infarction-Remodeling
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by translational repression or messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. MiRNAs can, either directly or via other effectors, modulate the remodeling process after MI. The balance between pro-fibrotic miRNAs and anti-fibrotic miRNAs seems to be the key to repairing the injured myocardium.
  • 608
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tuberculosis in Brief
Tuberculosis, often abbreviated as TB, is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also target other organs, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications. TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing tiny respiratory droplets containing the bacteria, which can be inhaled by others. This ancient disease has a profound historical legacy, with evidence of TB infections dating back thousands of years. It is characterized by a persistent cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Left untreated, TB can be fatal. However, it can be cured and treated effectively with a combination of antibiotics over several months. TB remains a global health challenge, especially in low-income countries and among vulnerable populations. Efforts to combat TB include early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and public health measures to prevent its spread. Research and ongoing medical innovations play a critical role in the fight against this enduring public health threat.
  • 605
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neurological Disorders in Animals with NKA Mutations
Endogenous cardiotonic steroids are involved in the pathogenesis of affective disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder, which are linked to dopaminergic system dysfunction. Animal models have shown that the cardiotonic steroid ouabain induces mania-like behavior through dopamine-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. In addition, mutations in the alpha subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase lead to the development of neurological pathologies. Evidence from animal models confirms the neurological consequences of mutations in the Na+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit. 
  • 604
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Precision Medicine in Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) is characterized by significant histopathologic and molecular heterogeneity. The discovery of molecular pathways and knowledge of cellular mechanisms have grown exponentially and may allow for better disease classification, prognostication, and development of novel and more efficacious noninvasive detection and surveillance strategies, as well as selection of therapeutic targets, which can be used in BC, particularly in a neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting.
  • 597
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Digital Pathology in Gastrointestinal Cancers
The implementation of digital pathology (DP) will revolutionize current practice by providing pathologists with additional tools and algorithms to improve workflow. Furthermore, DP will open up opportunities for development of AI-based tools for more precise and reproducible diagnosis through computational pathology. One of the key features of AI is its capability to generate perceptions and recognize patterns beyond the human senses. Thus, the incorporation of AI into DP can reveal additional morphological features and information. At the current rate of AI development and adoption of DP, the interest in computational pathology is expected to rise in tandem. There have already been promising developments related to AI-based solutions in prostate cancer detection; however, in the GI tract, development of more sophisticated algorithms is required to facilitate histological assessment of GI specimens for early and accurate diagnosis.
  • 593
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Complications Caused by Tibial Osteochondroma
Osteochondromas are the most common benign primary bone tumors in growing patients representing about 35–45% of all benign bone tumors. About 90% of these occur sporadically and are usually solitary. Osteochondromas occur most often around the knee (40%) and proximal tibial is affected in 15–20%. Vascular complications are rare and include vessel perforation and thrombosis, arterial thromboembolic events and pseudoaneurysm formation. 
  • 591
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Immunological Disturbance in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a wide and variable set of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including deficits in social communication, narrow and restricted interests, and repetitive behavior.  The immune system consists of a set of molecules and cells that are organized in tissues and organs while functioning close interacting to generate a protective response against invaders. Two components of immunity are recognized: innate and adaptive. T cell subtypes secrete variable cytokines that counter-regulate each other, and an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways is seen that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism.
  • 587
  • 31 Jul 2023
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