Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Transcriptional Modulation to BD&Schizophrenia
Recent reports suggest a link between positive regulation of the Hippo pathway with bipolar disorder (BD), and the Hippo pathway is known to interact with multiple other signaling pathways previously associated with BD and other psychiatric disorders. In this study, neuronal-like NT2 cells were treated with amisulpride (10 µM), aripiprazole (0.1 µM), clozapine (10 µM), lamotrigine (50 µM), lithium (2.5 mM), quetiapine (50 µM), risperidone (0.1 µM), valproate (0.5 mM), or vehicle control for 24 h. Genome-wide mRNA expression was quantified and analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), with genes belonging to Hippo, Wnt, Notch, TGF- β, and Hedgehog retrieved from the KEGG database. Five of the eight drugs downregulated the genes of the Hippo pathway and modulated several genes involved in the interacting pathways. We speculate that the regulation of these genes, especially by aripiprazole, clozapine, and quetiapine, results in a reduction of MAPK and NFκB pro-inflammatory signaling through modulation of Hippo, Wnt, and TGF-β pathways. We also employed connectivity map analysis to identify compounds that act on these pathways in a similar manner to the known psychiatric drugs. Thirty-six compounds were identified. The presence of antidepressants and antipsychotics validates our approach and reveals possible new targets for drug repurposing
  • 798
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Adaptive Behaviour in Down Syndrome
Adaptive behaviour is defined as “the effectiveness with which the individual copes with the natural and social demands of his environment”. Such skills in daily functioning are essential for personal and social autonomy and are particularly crucial for individuals with intellectual disabilities, (ID) when cognitive testing is difficult, allowing us to evaluate their mastery of the daily environment.
  • 796
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Conventional Anti-Inflammatory Drugs of Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterised by symptoms such as depressed mood, anhedonia, appetite and sleep dysfunctions, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, thinking or concentration problems and suicidal ideation. Its impact on health can be dramatic, as it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes and obesity, and suicide is one of the leading causes of death, especially in the 15–29 age group. Moreover, treatment-resistant depression is an important challenge in clinical practice since 10–30% of patients are refractory to several standard antidepressant medications and have a decreased quality of life.
  • 795
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
A Simple ANN for Sleep-Waking Recognition
Artificial neural network (ANNs) is a machine learning approach that has rapidly gained popularity due to its ability to quickly and effectively solve complex problems. Sleep monitoring is often required for patients who are suffering from diseases or who are undergoing treatment. Recently, in a paper described a new method for the automatic recognition of behavioral sleep and waking states in freely moving rats. This is a simple ANN, in which the mean values and standard deviations of electrocorticograms. ANN was trained to recognize sleep and waking states with the accuracy of 80%. 
  • 795
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Candidate Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD; progressive neurodegenerative disorder) is associated with cognitive and functional impairment with accompanying neuropsychiatric symptoms. The available pharmacological treatment is of a symptomatic nature and, as such, it does not modify the cause of AD. The currently used drugs to enhance cognition include an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist (memantine) and cholinesterase inhibitors. The PUBMED, Medical Subject Heading and Clinical Trials databases were used for searching relevant data. Novel treatments are focused on already approved drugs for other conditions and also searching for innovative drugs encompassing investigational compounds.
  • 791
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Water Drinking Behavior Associated with Aversive Arousal
Cholinergic muscarinic stimulation of vast areas of the limbic brain induced a well-documented polydipsia in laboratory rats. This excessive water-drinking behavior has not received any convincing biological and physiological interpretation. The ascending cholinergic system originates from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, has a diffuse nature, and affects numerous subcortical limbic structures. It is proposed that the carbachol-induced drinking response is related to the state of anxiety and does not serve the regulation of thirst. Instead, the response is anxiety-induced polydipsia that might occur as a soothing procedure that decreases the aversiveness of the negative emotional state induced by carbachol. It is concluded that carbachol-induced water-drinking behavior is a rewarding process that contributes to alleviating the feeling of anxiety by bringing some relief from the cholinergically induced aversive state, and it is a homologue to anxiety-driven polydipsia in humans.
  • 791
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Leukodystrophy Imaging
Leukodystrophies, a group of rare demyelinating disorders, mainly affect the CNS. Clinical presentation of different types of leukodystrophies can be nonspecific, and thus, imaging techniques like MRI can be used for a more definitive diagnosis.
  • 790
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Mechanism of Cognitive Impairment in Obese Persons
Cognition is a global concept encompassing various processes virtually scattered over the whole brain. Obesity itself can be viewed as a consequence of impaired energetic feedback loops or as a higher disorder of impaired reward—behavior control mechanisms. However, the adipose tissue—brain relation is much more than a simple direct bilateral communication involving virtually all metabolically active organs and a plethora of messengers.
  • 789
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Spinal Cord Regeneration
Unlike peripheral nerves, axonal regeneration is limited following injury to the spinal cord. While there may be reduced regenerative potential of injured neurons, the central nervous system (CNS) white matter environment appears to be more significant in limiting regrowth. Several factors may inhibit regeneration, and their neutralization can modestly enhance regrowth. However, most investigations have not considered the cytoarchitecture of spinal cord white matter. Several lines of investigation demonstrate that axonal regeneration is enhanced by maintaining, repairing, or reconstituting the parallel geometry of the spinal cord white matter.
  • 788
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Gliomas are common primary brain malignancies that remain difficult to treat due to their overall aggressiveness and heterogeneity. Although a variety of therapeutic strategies have been employed for the treatment of gliomas, there is increasing evidence that suggests ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) can serve as a valuable biomarker and diagnostic tool in the pathogenesis of gliomas. Various LGICs, including P2X, SYT16, and PANX2, have the potential to become altered in the pathogenesis of glioma, which can disrupt the homeostatic activity of neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, further exacerbating the symptoms and progression of glioma. Consequently, LGICs, including purinoceptors, glutamate-gated receptors, and Cys-loop receptors, have been targeted in clinical trials for their potential therapeutic benefit in the diagnosis and treatment of gliomas.
  • 788
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Direct Current Stimulation in Cell Culture&Brain Slices
Non-invasive direct current stimulation (DCS) of the human brain induces neuronal plasticity and alters plasticity-related cognition and behavior and in vitro and ex vivo approaches can help to understand the underlying mechanism in more details. In the clinical domain, tDCS emerged as a valuable non-invasive brain stimulation tool to ameliorate symptoms in diseases accompanied by pathological alterations of cortical activity and plasticity such as depression, schizophrenia, pain syndromes, epilepsy, and in rehabilitation, amongst others. Although various mechanistic studies are available in humans and also in animal models, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the neuromodulatory effects of tDCS are yet not fully understood. Therefore, gathering more direct evidence using sophisticated neurobiological techniques such as cell-based assays (in vitro), brain slices (ex vivo), or in vivo animal models are required to supplement existing knowledge.
  • 787
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Coumarin Derivates Acting via GPR55 in Neuroinflammation
Anti-neuroinflammatory treatment has gained importance in the search for pharmacological treatments of different neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical studies demonstrate a reduction of the mentioned diseases’ symptoms after administration of anti-inflammatory drugs. Coumarin derivates have been shown to elicit anti-neuroinflammatory effects via G-protein coupled receptor (GPR)55, with possibly reduced side-effects compared to the known anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • 786
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders Therapy
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are rare neurologic autoimmune diseases that have a poor prognosis if left untreated. For many years, generic oral immunosuppressants and repurposed monoclonal antibodies that target the interleukin-6 pathway or B cells were the mainstays of drug treatment. Recently, these drug treatments have been complemented by new biologics developed and approved specifically for NMOSD. In principle, all of these drugs are effective, but treatment recommendations that take this into account are still pending. Instead, the choice of a drug may depend on other criteria such as drug safety or tolerability.
  • 786
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Insulin in the Striatum
Insulin crosses the blood–brain barrier to enter the brain from the periphery. In the brain, insulin has well-established actions as a satiation signal in the hypothalamus, as well as effects on feeding at the level of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the midbrain. However, insulin also acts in the striatum, a forebrain region that is crucial for movement, mood and motivated behavior. The striatum shows abundant expression of insulin receptors (InsRs) throughout. These receptors are found on interneurons and striatal projections neurons, as well as on glial cells and dopamine axons.
  • 786
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis
Cognitive rehabilitation (CR) is the most promising approach for treating multiple sclerosis (MS)-related cognitive impairment (CI), despite important methodological shortcomings. CR programs could include techniques designed to improve specific domains of cognitive function such as memory, attention, or executive functions, but they can also include psychotherapy targeting emotional symptoms, behavioral interventions, and interventions targeting psychomotor issues such as motor–cognitive interference. 
  • 785
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Loneliness Influence in Adults’ Mental Health
Youths’ mental health is at a crisis level, with mental health problems doubling in the US since the pandemic began. To compound the mental health crisis, there is a global loneliness epidemic, with emerging adults worldwide experiencing some of the highest rates.
  • 784
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
L-Lactate Transport in Mitochondria
The L-lactate (L-LAC)-mitochondria affair has its closure: that mitochondria can take up and metabolize L-LAC due to the presence of the mitochondrial L-lactate dehydrogenase is shown.
  • 783
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Sex is a significant variable in the prevalence and incidence of neurological disorders. Sex differences exist in neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), where sex dimorphisms play important roles in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 
  • 782
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Pediatric Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and are associated with high mortality. The most common childhood brain tumors are grouped as low-grade gliomas (LGG), high grade gliomas (HGG), ependymomas, and embryonal tumors, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
  • 781
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Functions of the Blood–Brain Barrier
Neurons are arranged in distinctive networks and structures. The environment of neuronal cells is tightly regulated, and any harmful elements must be removed. To this end, the brain has protective mechanisms that separate it from the rest of the body. In addition to structures and functional networks, there is another functional unit in the brain called the neurobarrier. The neurobarrier consists of four different barriers, namely the neuronal and glial membrane barrier, the cerebrospinal fluid-ependyma barrier, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and finally the classic blood–brain barrier (BBB). Under physiological conditions, the BBB is impermeable to pathogens.
  • 781
  • 13 Jul 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 54
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Academic Video Service
Feedback