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Topic Review
Metabolic Alterations in Parkinson’s Disease
The PD model flies based on DJ-1β inactivation  exhibited protein metabolism alterations, a shift from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to glycolytic pathway to obtain ATP, together with an increase in the expression of some urea cycle enzymes. Thus, these metabolic changes could contribute to PD pathogenesis and might constitute possible therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers for this disease.
  • 812
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
AD and Multiple Fluid Biomarkers
Biomarkers are molecules that are variable in their origin, nature, and mechanism of action; they are of great relevance in biology and also in medicine because of their specific connection with a single or several diseases. Biomarkers are of two types, which in some cases are operative with each other. Fluid biomarkers, started around 2000, are generated in fluid from specific proteins/peptides and miRNAs accumulated within two extracellular fluids, either the central spinal fluid or blood plasma. The switch of these proteins/peptides and miRNAs, from free to segregated within extracellular vesicles, has induced certain advantages including higher levels within fluids and lower operative expenses. Imaging biomarkers, started around 2004, are identified in vivo upon their binding by radiolabeled molecules subsequently revealed in the brain by positron emission tomography and/or other imaging techniques. A positive point for the latter approach is the quantitation of results, but expenses are much higher. 
  • 811
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Spectrum of Dopamine Transporter Deficiency Syndrome
The clinical spectrum of dopamine-related conditions is broad, encompassing movement disorders and neuropsychiatric diseases such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), addiction, and bipolar disorder. Dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (DTDS) is a primary neurotransmitter disorder due to defective dopamine reuptake. Infantile parkinsonism-dystonia due to dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (DTDS) is an ultrarare childhood movement disorder caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the SLC6A3 gene.
  • 811
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
Brain Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) consist of feeder arteries that amalgamate and form a nidus, shunting the oxygenated blood directly into the venous system without an interposing capillary network.
  • 810
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Specific microRNAs Alter Autophagy and SCI Outcome
The treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is currently a major challenge, with a severe lack of effective therapies for yielding meaningful improvements in function. Therefore, there is a great opportunity for the development of novel treatment strategies for SCI. The modulation of autophagy, a process by which a cell degrades and recycles unnecessary or harmful components (protein aggregates, organelles, etc.) to maintain cellular homeostasis and respond to a changing microenvironment, is thought to have potential for treating many neurodegenerative conditions, including SCI. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short ribonucleotide transcripts for targeting of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for silencing, shows prevention of the translation of mRNAs to the corresponding proteins affecting various cellular processes, including autophagy. 
  • 810
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRI), including mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes, modulate essential brain functions by affecting neuronal excitability, intracellular calcium dynamics, protein synthesis, dendritic spine formation, and synaptic transmission and plasticity.
  • 810
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Use for Botulinum Neurotoxins
Botulism has been known for about three centuries, and since its discovery, botulinum toxin has been considered one of the most powerful toxins. Several medical applications have been discovered, among which the treatment of spasticity stands out. 
  • 808
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Guillain-Barré Syndrome in COVID-19 Pandemic
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is considered as one of the peripheral nervous system diseases usually present with lower motor neuron lesion signs: muscle atrophy, weakness, fasciculation, hypotonia, and hyporeflexia. COVID-19 is a systemic disorder that typically presents with fever and respiratory symptoms. Numerous case reports have indicated an association between the incidence of GBS and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, which preceded GBS onset by up to four weeks. Therefore, a postinfectious dysregulation of the immune system, caused by SARS-CoV2, was found to be the most probable trigger.
  • 807
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Spinal Cord Interneuron Differentiation
The spinal cord is comprised of vastly heterogeneous interneuron populations defined by unique molecular identities, intrinsic properties, connectivity and functional outputs.
  • 806
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Functionalized Nanomaterials as Theranostic Agents in Brain Imaging
Theranostic nanoparticles in molecular imaging significantly impact non-invasive strategies to understand biological and biochemical events in intact cells within living subjects. It plays a prominent role in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring outcomes in vivo. The theranostic application of nanomaterials can be classified into morphological and functional imaging based on their roles in image contrast abilities during applicable imaging methods.
  • 806
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Blood–Brain Barrier Opening for Neurological Disorders
Several therapeutic agents for neurological disorders are usually not delivered to the brain owing to the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a special structure present in the central nervous system (CNS). Focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with microbubbles can reversibly and temporarily open the BBB, enabling the application of various therapeutic agents in patients with neurological disorders. 
  • 806
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Collateral Circulation in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Cerebral collateral circulation is a network of blood vessels which stabilizes blood flow and maintains cerebral perfusion whenever the main arteries fail to provide an adequate blood supply, as happens in ischemic stroke. These arterial networks are able to divert blood flow to hypoperfused cerebral areas. The extent of the collateral circulation determines the volume of the salvageable tissue, the so-called “penumbra”. Clinically, this is associated with greater efficacy of reperfusion therapies (thrombolysis and thrombectomy) in terms of better short- and long-term functional outcomes, lower incidence of hemorrhagic transformation and of malignant oedema, and smaller cerebral infarctions.
  • 805
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fluoxetine for Comorbidities such as Depression and Diabetes
Among the most widespread pathologies, obesity, which is often associated with diabetes, is constantly increasing in incidence, and in parallel, neurodegenerative and mood disorders are increasingly affecting many people. For years, these pathologies have been so frequently observed in the population in a concomitant way that they are considered as comorbidities. In fact, common mechanisms are certainly at work in the etiology of these pathologies. Fluoxetine was discovered in the 1970s. Initially called LY110140, it was described as a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor.
  • 805
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Protective Role of NRF2
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2) is the major modulator of the xenobiotic-activated receptor (XAR) and is accountable for activating the antioxidative response elements (ARE)-pathway modulating the detoxification and antioxidative responses of the cells.
  • 804
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Methylxanthines and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Methylxanthines (MTX) are purine derived xanthine derivatives. Methylxanthines are also known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, mediate changes in lipid homeostasis and have neuroprotective effects.
  • 802
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Parkinson’s Disease and Its Treatment
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition, most often seen among elderly individuals worldwide. PD symptoms include dysfunctions of the somatomotor system, including rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, gait dysfunction, and tremors. Disease progression leads to progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, leading to significant neuron loss in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons and depletion of dopamine (DA). Non-motor dysfunctions such as dementia, hyposmia, and gastrointestinal abnormalities often accompany disease progression.
  • 801
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and Neuroinflammation
α7 is a Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) that is composed of five identical α7 subunites.Those receptors are widely expressed in or on various cell types and have diverse functions. In immune cells nAChRs regulate proliferation, differentiation and cytokine release. Specifically, activation of the α7 nAChR reduces inflammation as part of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
  • 800
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Delirium in Older Adults
Delirium remains a challenging clinical problem in hospitalized older adults, especially for postoperative patients. This syndrome consists of a disturbance in attention and awareness that develops acutely and tends to fluctuate; it is one of the most well-known diseases and cognitive changes, with manifestation during hospitalization or soon after anesthesia and surgery. This complication frequently occurs in older adult patients, has a high risk of in-hospital death, and increases the length of stay. 
  • 800
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Exosomal Noncoding RNAs in Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke is a life-threatening condition that also frequently results in long-term disability. Exosomes and exosomal noncoding RNAs have been found to be involved in the pathophysiological progression of ischemic stroke, including atherosclerosis, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurovascular remodeling.
  • 799
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Specific Autoantibodies in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) affect millions of people worldwide. They develop due to the pathological accumulation and aggregation of various misfolded proteins, axonal and synaptic loss and dysfunction, inflammation, cytoskeletal abnormalities, defects in DNA and RNA, and neuronal death. This leads to the activation of immune responses and the release of the antibodies against them. Recently, it has become clear that autoantibodies (Aabs) can contribute to demyelination, axonal loss, and brain and cognitive dysfunction. This has significantly changed the understanding of the participation of humoral autoimmunity in neurodegenerative disorders. It is crucial to understand how neuroinflammation is involved in neurodegeneration, to aid in improving the diagnostic and therapeutic value of Aabs in the future.
  • 799
  • 18 Dec 2023
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