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Topic Review
Climate Change Adaptation in Bangladesh
Climate change adaptation is a pressing issue in Bangladesh. The country is one of the most impacted by climate change. Factors such as frequent natural disasters, lack of infrastructure, high population density (166 million people living in an area of 147 000 km2 ), an extractivist economy and social disparities are increasing the vulnerability of the country in facing the current changing conditions. There, in almost every year, large regions suffer from more intense events like cyclones, floods and erosion. The mentioned adverse events are slowing the development of the country by bringing almost to collapse socio-economical and environmental systems. Climate Change adaptation plays a crucial role in fostering the country's development. This is already being considered as a synergic urgent action together with other pressing factors such as the permanent threat of shocks – natural, economic or political- the uncertain impact of globalization, and an imbalanced world trade impede higher growth rates.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Biography
Paul Thagard
Paul Richard Thagard FRSC (/ˈθeɪɡɑːrd/; born 1950) is a Canadian philosopher who specializes in cognitive science, philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of science and medicine. Thagard is a professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of Waterloo. He is a writer, and has contributed to research in analogy and creativity, inference, cognition in the history of science, and the role
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Medication Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ)
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MON, MRONJ) is progressive death of the jawbone in a person exposed to a medications known to increase the risk of disease, in the absence of a previous radiation treatment. It may lead to surgical complication in the form of impaired wound healing following oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontal surgery, or endodontic therapy. Particular medications can result in MRONJ, a serious but uncommon side effect in certain individuals. Such medications are frequently used to treat diseases that cause bone resorption such as osteoporosis, or to treat cancer. The main groups of drugs involved are anti-resorptive drugs, and anti-angiogenic drugs. This condition was previously known as bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BON or BRONJ) because osteonecrosis of the jaws correlating with bisphosphate treatment was frequently encountered, with its first incident occurring in 2003. Osteonecrotic complications associated with denosumab, another antiresorptive drug from a different drug category, were soon determined to be related to this condition. Newer medications such as anti-angiogenic drugs have been potentially implicated causing a very similar condition and consensus shifted to refer to the related conditions as MRONJ; however, this has not been definitively demonstrated. There is no known prevention for bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Avoiding the use of bisphosphonates is not a viable preventive strategy on a general-population basis because the medications are beneficial in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis (including prevention of bony fractures) and treatment of bone cancers. Current recommendations are for a 2 month drug holiday prior to dental surgery for those who are at risk (intravenous drug therapy, greater than 4 years of by-mouth drug therapy, other factors that increase risk such as steroid therapy). It usually develops after dental treatments involving exposure of bone or trauma, or may arise spontaneously. Patients who develop MRONJ may experience prolonged healing, pain, swelling, infection, exposed bone, after dental procedures, though some patients may have no signs/symptoms.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Biography
Melba Phillips
Melba Newell Phillips (February 1, 1907 – November 8, 2004) was an United States physicist and pioneer science educator. One of the first doctoral students of J. Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Berkeley, Phillips completed her Ph.D. in 1933, a time when few women pursued careers in science. In 1935 Oppenheimer and Phillips published[1] their description of the Oppenheimer-P
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Biography
Heinz-Jürgen Kluge
Heinz-Jürgen Kluge, known as Jürgen Kluge (born 25 April 1941), is a physicist probably best known for the development of ion-storage devices and methods for accurate measurements of nuclear masses. In the early eighties Jürgen Kluge at the University of Mainz considered mass measurements of trapped ions. Gernot Gräff, who worked at the same institute, had developed a time-of-flight tec
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Biography
Theodore E. Madey
Theodore E. Madey (October 24, 1937 – July 27, 2008) was an American condensed matter physicist who specialized in the chemistry and physics of surfaces. He was a professor in the physics and chemistry departments at Rutgers University at the time of his death.[1] Theodore Eugene Madey was born in Wilmington, DE, and was raised in Baltimore, MD.[2][3][4] He was the descendant of Polish Amer
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antioxidant-Based Therapies in Male Infertility
Under physiological conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play pivotal roles in various processes of human spermatozoa. Indeed, semen requires the intervention of ROS to accomplish different stages of its maturation. However, ROS overproduction is a well-documented phenomenon occurring in the semen of infertile males, potentially causing permanent oxidative damages to a vast number of biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids of biological membrane lipids), negatively affecting the functionality and vitality of spermatozoa. ROS overproduction may concomitantly occur to the excess generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), leading to oxidative/nitrosative stress and frequently encountered in various human pathologies. Under different conditions of male infertility, very frequently accompanied by morpho-functional anomalies in the sperm analysis, several studies have provided evidence for clear biochemical signs of damages to biomolecules caused by oxidative/nitrosative stress. In the last decades, various studies aimed to verify whether antioxidant-based therapies may be beneficial to treat male infertility have been carried out.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Gait Deviations
Gait deviations are nominally referred to as any variation of standard human gait, typically manifesting as a coping mechanism in response to an anatomical impairment. Lower-limb amputees are unable to maintain the characteristic walking patterns of an able-bodied individual due to the removal of some portion of the impaired leg. Without the anatomical structure and neuromechanical control of the removed leg segment, amputees must use alternative compensatory strategies to walk efficiently. Prosthetic limbs provide support to the user and more advanced models attempt to mimic the function of the missing anatomy, including biomechanically controlled ankle and knee joints. However, amputees still display quantifiable differences in many measures of ambulation when compared to able-bodied individuals. Several common observations are whole-body movements, slower and wider steps, shorter strides, and increased sway.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Biography
Robert Muller
Robert Muller (March 11, 1923 – September 20, 2010) was an international civil servant with the United Nations . Serving with the UN for 40 years and rising to the rank of Assistant Secretary-General, his ideas about world government, world peace and spirituality led to the increased representation of religions in the UN, especially of New Age Movement. He was known by some as "the philosopher
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Three Rs (Animals)
The Three Rs (3Rs) in relation to science are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing. They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959. The 3Rs are: Replacement: methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research Reduction: use of methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals. Refinement: use of methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals used. The 3Rs have a broader scope than simply encouraging alternatives to animal testing, but aim to improve animal welfare and scientific quality where the use of animals cannot be avoided. In many countries, these 3Rs are now explicit in legislation governing animal use. It is usual to capitalise the first letter of each of the three 'R' principles (i.e. 'Replacement' rather than 'replacement') to avoid ambiguity and clarify reference to the 3Rs principles.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Organic Versus Conventional Food
A comprehensive systematic review of the health benefits of an organic vs. conventional diet has found that significant positive outcomes are shown in longitudinal studies where increased organic intake was associated with reduced incidence of infertility, birth defects, allergic sensitisation, otitis media, pre-eclampsia, metabolic syndrome, high BMI, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Few clinical trials have assessed direct improvements in health outcomes associated with organic food consumption, and the evidence in support from clinical trials is limited primarily to clear reductions in organophosphate metabolite excretion with an organic diet. 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin, or cachectin; once named as tumor necrosis factor alpha or TNFα) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. TNF is a member of the TNF superfamily, consisting of various transmembrane proteins with a homologous TNF domain. The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells. TNF, being an endogenous pyrogen, is able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia, inflammation and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication and respond to sepsis via IL1- & IL6-producing cells. Dysregulation of TNF production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, major depression, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Though controversial, studies of depression and IBD are currently being linked to increased levels of TNF. Recombinant TNF is used as an immunostimulant under the INN tasonermin. TNF can be produced ectopically in the setting of malignancy and parallels parathyroid hormone both in causing secondary hypercalcemia and in the cancers with which excessive production is associated.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Biography
Arthur Berson
Arthur Josef Stanislaus Berson (6 August 1859 – 3 December 1942) was a German[1][2] meteorologist and pioneer of aerology who was a native of Neu Sandez, Galicia (now Nowy Sącz, Poland ). After visiting the gymnasium in Neu Sandez, Berson studied philology in Vienna. He then studied meteorology and geography in Berlin, where he had as instructors Ferdinand von Richthofen and Wilhelm von Bezo
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Biography
Martin Giurfa
Martin Giurfa is an Argentinean-French neurobiologist and neuroethologist (born September 1962), member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, and the Institut Universitaire de France (IUF). He is acknowledged for his work on the neural mechanisms of cognition in invertebrates, which he mostly explores
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pachyuromys
The fat-tailed gerbil (Pachyuromys duprasi), also called the duprasi gerbil, is a rodent belonging to subfamily Gerbillinae. It is the only member of the genus Pachyuromys. These rodents are the most docile species of the gerbil subfamily. They have fluffy and soft fur. Fat-tailed gerbils have been available on the pet market for decades, but in the 21st century breeders can be hard to find. They are sometimes considered as pocket pets. Other common English names are: fat-tailed jird, fat-tailed rat, and beer mat gerbil. Names in other languages are: abu lya (أبو ليه) in Egyptian Arabic, and adhal alyan (عضل أليان) in Standard Arabic, souris à grosse queue (French), Fettschwanzrennmaus (German), fedthale mus (Danish), rasvahäntägerbiili (Finnish), and dikstaartgerbil (Dutch).
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activity of Genus Malachra L.
The genus Malachra L. belongs to the family Malvaceae. It includes herbs or subshrubs of nine accepted species with approximately thirty synonyms, and it has been widely used in community folk medicine to treat health problems including inflammation, nasal obstruction, leishmaniasis, malaria, childbirth, kidney disorders, fever, respiratory tract diseases, among others.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aurilide Family
Aurilides are a class of depsipeptides occurring mainly in marine cyanobacteria. Members of the aurilide family have shown to exhibit strong cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. These compounds bear a pentapeptide, a polyketide, and an α-hydroxy ester subunit in their structure.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Medicinal Mushroom Therapeutic Use
Medicinal mushrooms have important health benefits and exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antiallergic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral, cytotoxic, immunomodulating, antidepressive, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, digestive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, osteoprotective, and hypotensive activities. 
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Tupaia (Genus)
Tupaia is a treeshrew genus in the family Tupaiidae that was first described by Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1821. The name of this genus derives from the Malay word tupai meaning squirrel or small animal resembling a squirrel.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are among the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States annually. As their name suggests, the principle mechanism of action is the inhibition of presynaptic neuronal uptake of 5-HT (serotonin) and norepinephrine following release from the synaptic cleft.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2021
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