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Biography
Paul Thagard
Paul Richard Thagard FRSC (/ˈθeɪɡɑːrd/; born 1950) is a Canadian philosopher who specializes in cognitive science, philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of science and medicine. Thagard is a professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of Waterloo. He is a writer, and has contributed to research in analogy and creativity, inference, cognition in the history of science, and the role
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Three Rs (Animals)
The Three Rs (3Rs) in relation to science are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing. They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959. The 3Rs are: Replacement: methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research Reduction: use of methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals. Refinement: use of methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals used. The 3Rs have a broader scope than simply encouraging alternatives to animal testing, but aim to improve animal welfare and scientific quality where the use of animals cannot be avoided. In many countries, these 3Rs are now explicit in legislation governing animal use. It is usual to capitalise the first letter of each of the three 'R' principles (i.e. 'Replacement' rather than 'replacement') to avoid ambiguity and clarify reference to the 3Rs principles.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Biography
Heinz-Jürgen Kluge
Heinz-Jürgen Kluge, known as Jürgen Kluge (born 25 April 1941), is a physicist probably best known for the development of ion-storage devices and methods for accurate measurements of nuclear masses. In the early eighties Jürgen Kluge at the University of Mainz considered mass measurements of trapped ions. Gernot Gräff, who worked at the same institute, had developed a time-of-flight tec
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Medication Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ)
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MON, MRONJ) is progressive death of the jawbone in a person exposed to a medications known to increase the risk of disease, in the absence of a previous radiation treatment. It may lead to surgical complication in the form of impaired wound healing following oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontal surgery, or endodontic therapy. Particular medications can result in MRONJ, a serious but uncommon side effect in certain individuals. Such medications are frequently used to treat diseases that cause bone resorption such as osteoporosis, or to treat cancer. The main groups of drugs involved are anti-resorptive drugs, and anti-angiogenic drugs. This condition was previously known as bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BON or BRONJ) because osteonecrosis of the jaws correlating with bisphosphate treatment was frequently encountered, with its first incident occurring in 2003. Osteonecrotic complications associated with denosumab, another antiresorptive drug from a different drug category, were soon determined to be related to this condition. Newer medications such as anti-angiogenic drugs have been potentially implicated causing a very similar condition and consensus shifted to refer to the related conditions as MRONJ; however, this has not been definitively demonstrated. There is no known prevention for bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Avoiding the use of bisphosphonates is not a viable preventive strategy on a general-population basis because the medications are beneficial in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis (including prevention of bony fractures) and treatment of bone cancers. Current recommendations are for a 2 month drug holiday prior to dental surgery for those who are at risk (intravenous drug therapy, greater than 4 years of by-mouth drug therapy, other factors that increase risk such as steroid therapy). It usually develops after dental treatments involving exposure of bone or trauma, or may arise spontaneously. Patients who develop MRONJ may experience prolonged healing, pain, swelling, infection, exposed bone, after dental procedures, though some patients may have no signs/symptoms.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Biography
Theodore E. Madey
Theodore E. Madey (October 24, 1937 – July 27, 2008) was an American condensed matter physicist who specialized in the chemistry and physics of surfaces. He was a professor in the physics and chemistry departments at Rutgers University at the time of his death.[1] Theodore Eugene Madey was born in Wilmington, DE, and was raised in Baltimore, MD.[2][3][4] He was the descendant of Polish Amer
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gait Deviations
Gait deviations are nominally referred to as any variation of standard human gait, typically manifesting as a coping mechanism in response to an anatomical impairment. Lower-limb amputees are unable to maintain the characteristic walking patterns of an able-bodied individual due to the removal of some portion of the impaired leg. Without the anatomical structure and neuromechanical control of the removed leg segment, amputees must use alternative compensatory strategies to walk efficiently. Prosthetic limbs provide support to the user and more advanced models attempt to mimic the function of the missing anatomy, including biomechanically controlled ankle and knee joints. However, amputees still display quantifiable differences in many measures of ambulation when compared to able-bodied individuals. Several common observations are whole-body movements, slower and wider steps, shorter strides, and increased sway.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Biography
Martin Giurfa
Martin Giurfa is an Argentinean-French neurobiologist and neuroethologist (born September 1962), member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, and the Institut Universitaire de France (IUF). He is acknowledged for his work on the neural mechanisms of cognition in invertebrates, which he mostly explores
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Biography
Robert Muller
Robert Muller (March 11, 1923 – September 20, 2010) was an international civil servant with the United Nations . Serving with the UN for 40 years and rising to the rank of Assistant Secretary-General, his ideas about world government, world peace and spirituality led to the increased representation of religions in the UN, especially of New Age Movement. He was known by some as "the philosopher
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Biography
Arthur Berson
Arthur Josef Stanislaus Berson (6 August 1859 – 3 December 1942) was a German[1][2] meteorologist and pioneer of aerology who was a native of Neu Sandez, Galicia (now Nowy Sącz, Poland ). After visiting the gymnasium in Neu Sandez, Berson studied philology in Vienna. He then studied meteorology and geography in Berlin, where he had as instructors Ferdinand von Richthofen and Wilhelm von Bezo
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Organic Versus Conventional Food
A comprehensive systematic review of the health benefits of an organic vs. conventional diet has found that significant positive outcomes are shown in longitudinal studies where increased organic intake was associated with reduced incidence of infertility, birth defects, allergic sensitisation, otitis media, pre-eclampsia, metabolic syndrome, high BMI, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Few clinical trials have assessed direct improvements in health outcomes associated with organic food consumption, and the evidence in support from clinical trials is limited primarily to clear reductions in organophosphate metabolite excretion with an organic diet. 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Medicinal Mushroom Therapeutic Use
Medicinal mushrooms have important health benefits and exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antiallergic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral, cytotoxic, immunomodulating, antidepressive, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, digestive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, osteoprotective, and hypotensive activities. 
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant-Based Therapies in Male Infertility
Under physiological conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play pivotal roles in various processes of human spermatozoa. Indeed, semen requires the intervention of ROS to accomplish different stages of its maturation. However, ROS overproduction is a well-documented phenomenon occurring in the semen of infertile males, potentially causing permanent oxidative damages to a vast number of biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids of biological membrane lipids), negatively affecting the functionality and vitality of spermatozoa. ROS overproduction may concomitantly occur to the excess generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), leading to oxidative/nitrosative stress and frequently encountered in various human pathologies. Under different conditions of male infertility, very frequently accompanied by morpho-functional anomalies in the sperm analysis, several studies have provided evidence for clear biochemical signs of damages to biomolecules caused by oxidative/nitrosative stress. In the last decades, various studies aimed to verify whether antioxidant-based therapies may be beneficial to treat male infertility have been carried out.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Tupaia (Genus)
Tupaia is a treeshrew genus in the family Tupaiidae that was first described by Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1821. The name of this genus derives from the Malay word tupai meaning squirrel or small animal resembling a squirrel.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Wnt Signaling in Pain
The heterogeneity of Wnt signaling starts with the ligand itself. There are 19 members of the Wnt family in humans and rodents, each one with a different expression pattern and function. These ligands bind different kinds of receptors: the classical Frizzled (Fzd) receptors (a family of G protein-coupled receptors that comprises 10 members in vertebrates), which are frequently associated with co-receptors, such as low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6), the RTKs, receptor-like tyrosine kinase (Ryk), receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2), protein-tyrosine kinase-7 (PKT7), and muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), or proteoglycans. Usually, many ligands can bind the same receptor and one ligand can bind different receptors, increasing the complexity of Wnt signaling.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are among the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States annually. As their name suggests, the principle mechanism of action is the inhibition of presynaptic neuronal uptake of 5-HT (serotonin) and norepinephrine following release from the synaptic cleft.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Ecoagriculture
Eco friendly agriculture describes landscapes that support both agricultural production and biodiversity conservation, working in harmony together to improve the livelihoods of rural communities. While many rural communities have independently practiced eco-agriculture for thousands of years, over the past century many of these landscapes have given way to segregated land use patterns, with some areas employing intensive farming practices without regard to biodiversity impacts, and other areas fenced off completely for habitat or watershed protection. A new eco-agriculture movement is now gaining momentum to unite land managers and other stakeholders from diverse environments to find compatible ways to conserve biodiversity while also enhancing agricultural production.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pachyuromys
The fat-tailed gerbil (Pachyuromys duprasi), also called the duprasi gerbil, is a rodent belonging to subfamily Gerbillinae. It is the only member of the genus Pachyuromys. These rodents are the most docile species of the gerbil subfamily. They have fluffy and soft fur. Fat-tailed gerbils have been available on the pet market for decades, but in the 21st century breeders can be hard to find. They are sometimes considered as pocket pets. Other common English names are: fat-tailed jird, fat-tailed rat, and beer mat gerbil. Names in other languages are: abu lya (أبو ليه) in Egyptian Arabic, and adhal alyan (عضل أليان) in Standard Arabic, souris à grosse queue (French), Fettschwanzrennmaus (German), fedthale mus (Danish), rasvahäntägerbiili (Finnish), and dikstaartgerbil (Dutch).
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Biography
André Jean Martin
André Jean Martin (Paris, 20 September 1929–Geneva, 11 November 2020[1][2]) was a French particle physicist who worked at CNRS and CERN. After studying at the École normale supérieure (class of 1949),[3] he began his career as a CNRS researcher under the direction of Maurice Lévy at the physics laboratory of the École Normale. He joined CERN in 1959 as a fellow in the Theory Division a
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Eastern Subterranean Termite
Reticulitermes flavipes, the eastern subterranean termite is the most common termite found in North America. These termites are the most economically important wood destroying insects in the United States and are classified as pests. They feed on cellulose material such as the structural wood in buildings, wooden fixtures, paper, books, and cotton. A mature colony can range from 20,000 workers to as high as 5 million workers and the primary queen of the colony lays 5,000 to 10,000 eggs per day to add to this total.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Biography
Farid Hafez
Farid Hafez (born 23 December 1981) is an Austrian political scientist, currently teaching and doing research at the Political Science Department at the University of Salzburg. Hafez was born in Ried im Innkreis, Austria on 23 December 1981. After moving to the capital city Vienna, taking his first degree in political science, he finished his studies and earned his PhD at University of Vienna
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Dec 2022
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