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Topic Review
Fungal Chassis and Production of Functional Foods
Bio-based products from fungi are extensively explored in the present era, attributed to their emerging importance in the industrial sector, healthcare, and food applications. The edible group of fungi and multiple fungal strains defines attractive biological resources for high-value metabolites comprising food additives, pigments, dyes, industrial chemicals, and antibiotics, including other compounds. Usually, a biological species with a small genome size is preferred for engineering, since it can be handled with precision. For example, S. cerevisiae has efficient integration of DNA at desired regions, facilitating easy biological chassis. With an efficient genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9, the design, and development of plasmids have considerably improved, adding versatility to the scope of yeast systems as a biotechnological tool. Moreover, synthetic biology strategies are adopted to manipulate S. cerevisiae and design promoters, cloning plasmids, methods, etc., to benefit their diverse applications in biotechnology.
  • 803
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Wall Materials Used in Spray-Drying
The wall material refers to the protective matrix that safeguards the core material, such as particles, substances, or compounds, throughout the encapsulation process and subsequent handling. It should possess the ability to withstand mechanical stress (e.g., handling) and environmental conditions (e.g., humidity, temperature, and water activity). In spray-drying processes, the chosen wall material must ensure the stability and shelf-life of the encapsulated particle, substance, or compound, while also being cost-effective in terms of encapsulation yield and efficiency. It is essential to understand the characteristics of the materials, regardless of this section aiming to define the primary materials utilized in spray-drying processes.
  • 792
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nanocellulose-Based Passivated-Carbon Quantum Dots for Antimicrobial Applications
Passivated-carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs) have been attracting great interest as an antimicrobial therapy tool due to their bright fluorescence, lack of toxicity, eco-friendly nature, simple synthetic schemes, and possession of photocatalytic functions comparable to those present in traditional nanometric semiconductors. Besides synthetic precursors, CQDs can be synthesized from a plethora of natural resources including microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). Converting MCC into NCC is performed chemically via the top-down route, while synthesizing CODs from NCC can be performed via the bottom-up route. Due to the good surface charge status with the NCC precursor, researchers focused on synthesizing CQDs from nanocelluloses (MCC and NCC) since they could become a potential source for fabricating carbon quantum dots that are affected by pyrolysis temperature. There are several P-CQDs synthesized with a wide spectrum of featured properties, namely functionalized carbon quantum dots (F-CQDs) and passivated carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs). There are two different important P-CQDs, namely 2,2′-ethylenedioxy-bis-ethylamine (EDA-CQDs) and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA-CQDs), that have achieved desirable results in the antiviral therapy field. 
  • 789
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
AI Applications in Plant Genomic Prediction
Artificial intelligence (AI), boosted through deep learning (DL), has achieved significant breakthroughs and is a powerful tool for managing large complex datasets such as crop genetic markers genome and their association with crop phenotypes. AI techniques can be applied to analyze large amounts of genomic data and identify patterns that are difficult for humans to detect. These patterns can then be used to develop more accurate predictive models. 
  • 786
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Virus Like Particles in Yeast
Several structural viral proteins can self-assemble to form a capsid without a viral genome. This property of viral proteins has been exploited for constructing virus-like particles (VLPs). The most important feature of VLPs is that they resemble the capsid of the original virus, but they are empty shells that do not contain the viral genome, and thus, they elicit an immune response without propagating inside the cells. VLPs have been produced in Escherichia coli and in mammalian, plant, insect, and yeast cells . 
  • 784
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biorecovery of Critical Raw Materials through Archaeal factory
Bio-metallurgy is a promising alternative for e-waste valorisation based on biological routes of specialised microorganisms able to leach solid-containing metals. Because of the physiology of these microorganisms, microbial leaching can be economically feasible, besides being an environmentally sustainable process. Like Bacteria and Fungi, Archaea are also capable of metal leaching activity, though their potential is underestimated. Because of the physiology of these microorganisms, microbial leaching can be both economically and environmentally sustainable. Archaea, Bacteria and Fungi, are capable of metal leaching activity, although their potential is underappreciated.
  • 783
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Jatropha Biodiesel Source
Environmental pollution is one of the most pressing challenges in today’s world. The main cause of this pollution is fuel emissions from automobiles and other sources. As industrialization progresses, people will be unable to compromise on the use of energy to power heavy machines and will be forced to seek out the best options. As a consequence, utilizing green fuel, such as biodiesel derived from natural sources, is a realistic option. Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is recognized as the greatest feedstock for biodiesel production throughout the world, and it has gained a huge market value in the recent years. Conventional cultivation alone will not be sufficient to meet the global need for the plant’s biomass for the production of biodiesel. Adoption of plant tissue culture techniques that improve the biomass availability is an immediate need.
  • 782
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Salmonella as a Promising Curative Tool against Cancer
Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy has become a topic of interest under the broad umbrella of oncotherapy. Among many bacterial species, Salmonella remains at the forefront due to its ability to localize and proliferate inside tumor microenvironments and often suppress tumor growth. Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the most promising mediators, with engineering plasticity and cancer specificity. It can be used to deliver toxins that induce cell death in cancer cells specifically, and also as a cancer-specific instrument for immunotherapy by delivering tumor antigens and exposing the tumor environment to the host immune system. 
  • 777
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Green Biologics
Plants are increasingly used for the production of high-quality biological molecules for use as pharmaceuticals and biomaterials in industry. Plants have proved that they can produce life-saving therapeutic proteins (Elelyso™—Gaucher’s disease treatment, ZMapp™—anti-Ebola monoclonal antibodies, seasonal flu vaccine, Covifenz™—SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle vaccine); however, some of these therapeutic proteins are difficult to bring to market, which leads to serious difficulties for the manufacturing companies.
  • 777
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR-Based Assays for Effective Detection of SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has been an outbreak since late 2019 up to now. This pandemic causes rapid development in molecular detection technologies to diagnose viral infection for epidemic prevention. In addition to antigen test kit (ATK) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CRISPR-based assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 have gained attention because it has a simple setup but still maintain high specificity and sensitivity.
  • 774
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Arbovirus Disease in Humans and Animals
Arboviruses consist of a diverse family of pathogens that can infect a wide range of animals and humans. Arboviruses are a diverse family of vector-borne pathogens that include members of the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Phenuviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Reoviridae, Asfarviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Poxviridae families.
  • 770
  • 12 Jun 2023
Biography
Dr. Mahmoud M. Berekaa
I’m Dr. Mahmoud M. Berekaa graduated from University of Alexandria with a Bachelor of Science with honors in Microbiology. I started my postgraduate studies with a Master degree in Faculty of Science by focusing on Biotechnological Production of Microbial Enzymes before moving to “University of Munster, Germany” to undertake a five years research fellowship at the University of “Westfali
  • 768
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Recombinant DNA Strategies for Industrial Potential of Fungi
Genetic and metabolic engineering strategies have enabled improvements in yield and titer for a variety of valuable molecules produced naturally in fungi, as well as those produced heterologously. Wild-type strains do not often produce these compounds at the levels required in industry, or do not produce the desired enzymes with the required properties or catalytic specificity. To overcome these problems, different genetic engineering approaches have been developed to improve the industrial potential of fungi.
  • 768
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fungi, P-Solubilization, and Plant Nutrition
The application of plant beneficial microorganisms is widely accepted as an efficient alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It was shown that annually, mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are responsible for 5 to 80% of all nitrogen, and up to 75% of P plant acquisition.
  • 762
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Regulation of Cellulase and Xylanase Production by Basidiomycetes
The potential of wood-rotting and litter-deconstructing basidiomycetes to convert lignocellulose into a wide variety of products has been extensively studied. In particular, wood-rotting basidiomycete secretomes are attracting much attention from researchers and biotechnology companies due to their ability to produce extracellular hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes that effectively degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of plant biomass.
  • 757
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Rhodiola rosea L.
Rhodiola rosea L. is a valuable medicinal plant with adaptogenic, neuroprotective, antitumor, cardioprotective, and antidepressant effects.
  • 755
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Factors That Affect Microalgal Bioremediation Capacity
Some species of algae which can be naturally present in mine drainage waters, such as Spirogyra sp. and Chlorella sp., have a high capacity for absorbing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from wastewater and may thrive in harsh environments. As a result, algal-based systems in bioremediation were studied and carefully analyzed.
  • 752
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Beneficial Soil Microbiomes in Plant Growth
The soil microbiome plays an important role in maintaining soil health, plant productivity, and soil ecosystem services. Molecular-based studies have shed light on the fact that the soil microbiome has been quantitatively underestimated. In addition to metagenomic studies, metaproteomics and metatranscriptomic studies that target the functional part of the microbiome are becoming more common. These are important for a better understanding of the functional role of the microbiome and for deciphering plant-microbe interactions. Free-living beneficial bacteria that promote plant growth by colonizing plant roots are called plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs). They exert their beneficial effects in different ways, either by facilitating the uptake of nutrients and synthesizing particular compounds for plants or by preventing and protecting plants from diseases.
  • 750
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mechanistic Action of Metallic Nanoparticles against Bacteria
The misuse of antibiotics and antimycotics accelerates the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, prompting the need for novel strategies to combat this global issue. Metallic nanoparticles have emerged as effective tools for combating various resistant microbes. Numerous studies have highlighted their potential in addressing antibiotic-resistant fungi and bacterial strains. Understanding the mechanisms of action of these nanoparticles, including iron-oxide, gold, zinc oxide, and silver is a central focus of research within the life science community. Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding how nanoparticles exert their effects. Some suggest direct targeting of microbial cell membranes, while others emphasize the release of ions from nanoparticles. The most compelling proposed antimicrobial mechanism of nanoparticles involves oxidative damage caused by nanoparticles-generated reactive oxygen species. 
  • 748
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Multifaceted Applications of Microbial Pigments
Microbial oddities such as versatile pigments are gaining more attention in research due to their widely perceived applications as natural food colorants, textiles, antimicrobial activities, and cytotoxic activities.
  • 742
  • 07 Oct 2023
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