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Topic Review
PNO and PNLA Inhibit the Inflammatory Response
The health implications of pine nuts oil (PNO) and Pinolenic acid (PNLA) in weight reduction, lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic actions as well as in suppression of cell invasiveness and motility in cancer. The expression of many mRNAs and microRNAs was regulated by PNLA indicating potential transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and metabolic processes. The anti-inflammatory effects of PNO have been shown in in vitro and in in vivo animal models, which have also been demonstrated with PNLA. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)  impact inflammation by several mechanisms, including altering membrane function and structure, and regulating the synthesis of lipid mediators.
  • 779
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Home Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
The evolution of home parenteral and enteral nutrition (HPEN) has been a critical medical advance for patients who are unable to maintain their nutrition by mouth. Technological advances during the 20th century have allowed these life-saving therapies to be delivered to patients at home, revolutionizing the field of clinical nutrition. Worldwide prevalence of home enteral nutrition (HEN) and parenteral nutrition (HPN) is difficult to estimate.
  • 778
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Interventions in Cancer Treatment and Response
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are first-line treatments in the management of advanced solid tumors. While these treatments are directed at mitigating the growth of and potentially eliminating cancer cells, they cause significant adverse effects that can be detrimental to a patient’s quality of life or even life-threatening. Diet is a modifiable risk factor that has been shown to affect cancer risk, recurrence, and treatment toxicity, but little information is known how diet interacts with cancer treatment modalities. Dietary interventions, such as caloric restriction, intermittent fasting and ketogenic diets, have shown promise in clinical pilot studies and pre-clinical mammal model studies by reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy treatment. However, further clinical trials on a wider scale and much more evidence are required to before any changes to clinical practice can be advised.
  • 775
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ruminant Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Milk has been shown to contain a specific fraction of extracellular particles that are reported to resist digestion and are purposefully packaged with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to exert specific biological effects. These findings suggest that these particles may have a role in the quality of infant nutrition, particularly in the early phase of life when many of the foundations of an infant’s potential for health and overall wellness are established. However, much of the current research focuses on human or cow milk only, and there is a knowledge gap in how milk from other species, which may be more commonly consumed in different regions, could also have these reported biological effects.
  • 773
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Fanconi Anemia (FA)
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disorder with the clinical characteristics of (i) specific malformations at birth, (ii) progressive bone marrow failure already during early childhood and (iii) dramatically increased risk of developing cancer in early age, such as acute myeloid leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma. Patients with FA show DNA fragility due to a defect in the DNA repair machinery based on predominately recessive mutations in 23 genes.
  • 773
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Cancer Activities and Selective Anticancer Activities of Lycopene
Lycopene is a well-known compound found commonly in tomatoes which brings wide range of health benefits against cardiovascular diseases and cancers. From an anti-cancer perspective, lycopene is often associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer and people often look for it as a dietary supplement which may help to prevent cancer.
  • 772
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency and T2DM
It seems that vitamin D deficiency may be one of the crucial factors responsible for increased cancer risk among T2DM patients. Vitamin D via alleviation of insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and inflammation reduces diabetes driven cancer risk factors. Moreover, vitamin D strengthens the DNA repair process, and regulates apoptosis and autophagy of cancer cells as well as signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis i.e., tumor growth factor β (TGFβ), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and Wnt-β-Cathenin. It should also be underlined that many types of cancer cells present alterations in vitamin D metabolism and action as a result of Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) and CYP27B1 expression dysregulation.
  • 767
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lipid-Based Antioxidant Systems in Photoreceptors and RPE Cells
The retina, a multi-layered nervous structure in the back of the eye, detects light stimuli via specialised primary sensory neurons, named after their morphologies as retinal rods and cones. Rods and cones in vitro may retain their ability to respond to light for several hours by generating an electrical response. However, their viability and long-term operation require the functional interaction with retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and a vascular system with peculiar features, the choroidal capillaries (ChC), whose specific form and shape support its function.
  • 766
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Pioglitazone Use and Sepsis Mortality
The pioglitazone use via the PPARγ agonist in sepsis patients is inconclusive. It was based on a great number of animal studies. However, except for information from animal studies, there are merely no data of human for reference. This study was conducted by a unique database including 1.6 million of diabetic patients. From 1999 to 2013, a total of 145,327 type 2 diabetic patients, first admitted for sepsis, were enrolled. Propensity score matching was conducted in a 1:5 ratio between pioglitazone users and nonusers. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of hospital mortality in pioglitazone users. Further stratification analysis and Kaplan-Meier plot were utilized. A total of 9,310 sepsis pioglitazone users (defined as "ever" use pioglitazone in any dose within 3 months prior to the first admission for sepsis) and 46,550 matched nonusers were retrieved, respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression model, the cohort of pioglitazone users (9,310) had a decreased aOR = 0.95 (95% CI, 0.89-1.02) of sepsis mortality. Further stratification analysis demonstrated that "chronic pioglitazone users" (defined as "at least" 4 weeks drug use within 3 months) (3,399) was much associated with significant aOR = 0.80 (95% CI, 0.72-0.89) in reducing sepsis mortality. This first human cohort study demonstrated the potential protective effect of chronic pioglitazone use in type 2 diabetic sepsis patients.
  • 763
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
New Labeling Rules for Wine
Phenolic compounds have attracted considerable research interest due to their antioxidant properties and potential beneficial effects on human health. Data on estimated consumption of wine suggest that the polyphenol contents are similar regardless of choice of wine/area while different alcohol compositions affect the level of alcohol and calorie intake. Thus, moderate wine drinkers should be advised to control the habit, but without exceeding the dose considered a healthy threshold (up to 30–40 g of alcohol/day in men and 10–20 g of alcohol/day in women), given no medical contraindications are present.
  • 762
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cobalamin Status and Deficiency in Cats
Cobalamin is a water-soluble molecule that has an important role in cellular metabolism, especially in DNA synthesis, methylation, and mitochondrial metabolism. Cobalamin is bound by intrinsic factor (IF) and absorbed in the ileal tract. The IF in cats is synthesized exclusively by pancreatic tissue. About 75% of the total plasma cobalamin in cats is associated with transcobalamin II, while in this species, transcobalamin I is not present. In cats, the half-life of cobalamin is 11–14 days.
  • 761
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Plasma Fatty Acid Patterns
Fatty acids might play a role in asthma and allergy development as they can modulate immune responses. Results from this population-based cohort study among 4260 mother-child pairs showed that a maternal pattern of high n-6 PUFA concentrations in pregnancy was associated with a higher forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow after exhaling 75% of forced vital capacity in the children at the age of 10 years. No associations of maternal fatty acid patterns with a child’s asthma or allergy outcomes were observed.  
  • 760
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet during Pregnancy
The traditional Mediterranean diet has been shown to be a healthy eating pattern that protects against the development of many diseases in adults and children. Pregnancy is a critical period of plasticity during which foetal development may be significantly influenced by maternal nutrition. In this review, we systematically summarized and discussed results of studies investigating the protective role of Mediterranean diet against foetal growth, prematurity, congenital pathologies, asthma and allergy. Although current data are insufficient and randomized control trials are needed, growing evidence suggests the beneficial effect of the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy on children's health. In this sense, strategies aiming to promote adherence to this dietary pattern might be of considerable importance to public health. 
  • 759
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Chronic Sensory Conditions
Dietary flavonoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vascular health benefits, which align with the proposed pathophysiology of age-related eye conditions and hearing problems (hearing loss and tinnitus). The flavonoid subclass, flavonols, are protective against eye conditions, including age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and glaucoma. Dietary flavonol intake appears to be protective against some chronic eye conditions. 
  • 759
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet in Italian Adolescents
Our aim was to assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a group of 726 secondary school students (336 girls, 390 boys) who completed the web-based Medi-Lite questionnaire simultaneously, during school hours, at the “Istituto Professionale per l’Enogastronomia e l’Ospitalità Alberghiera Marco Polo” in Genoa, Italy. The mean adherence score was 9.28 ± 2.29, with significantly (p = 0.017) higher values in girls (9.5 ± 2.2) than boys (9.1 ± 2.4). As to the individual food components of the Medi-Lite score, 84% of students reported non-optimal consumption (i.e., the choice that yielded ≤ 1 point) of meat and meat products, and over 50% reported non-optimal consumption of vegetables, legumes, dairy products, and fish. Significant differences between girls and boys were observed for fruit (p = 0.003), cereals (p < 0.001), meat and meat products (p < 0.001), and dairy products (p = 0.003). By conducting a principal component analysis, we observed that Medi-Lite items on the consumption of some animal products (meat and meat products and dairy products) and some plant products (fruit, vegetables, and legumes) generated contrasting patterns of responses, denoting excessive consumption in the first case and underconsumption in the second. This result suggests the need for effective actions to promote healthy eating habits in young people.
  • 757
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Mediterranean Lifestyle
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as the accumulation of excessive fat in the liver not linked to alcohol abuse. A Mediterranean diet has many healthy components: it decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease, MetS, cancer, and overall mortality. The benefits of following a Mediterranean diet on NAFLD have also been described because it provides antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients useful in slowing the development of hepatic steatosis. A high adherence to a Mediterranean diet improves liver fat content, fibrosis, and insulin sensitivity.
  • 757
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Phytochemicals to Counteract the Stages of Liver Disease
The liver is composed of several cell types, mainly including hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, stellate cells, sinusoidal cells, and Kupffer cells. Hepatocytes are the most abundant cells in the liver volume, and they perform many biological functions attributed to this organ; cholangiocytes are polarized cells that line the bile ducts within the liver and play a crucial role in the secretion and modification of bile, which is essential for the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine, in addition to their immunological functions; hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a multifaceted cell population existing as a quiescent form that can be activated when damage is induced to promote wound healing; sinusoidal endothelial cells are a specialized endothelial population that coat the hepatic sinusoids and allow for the exchange of nutrients, hormones, and waste products between the blood and the liver cells; and finally, Kupffer cells are a type of dedicated macrophage of the liver that help to remove foreign particles such as bacteria and viruses.
  • 756
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Support and Cancer
The role of nutritional support for cancer patients in palliative care is still a controversial topic. In the past, there has been limited collaboration between oncologists, clinical nutrition specialists, and palliative care physicians involved in the care of advanced cancer patients. Collaboration has been made more complex by the fact that, while it is clear what nutritional support is, there is no common or shared definition, not so much of palliative care, but of what constitutes a person who needs palliative care. In fact, there is no consensus in the literature on the definition of the palliative care patient because of the ambiguity in the common use in medicine of the adjective palliative. For many years, efforts have been made to find a screening tool to identify patients in need of palliative care in the hospital setting, as this would be very useful in both Internal Medicine and, in particular, Medical Oncology.
  • 755
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Natural Products in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder affecting a vast variety of the population. The onset of RA as well as the development of systematic immunization is affected by both genetic and environmental risk factors. In the antioxidant setting of natural products, RA patients may find the use of natural products beneficial. Although there is conflicting evidence of the role of antioxidants in RA, as this field remains poorly explored, the value of antioxidants in fighting inflammation is well-documented, which explains the fact that the antioxidant properties of natural products are commonly evaluated and usually represent the first step of in vitro evaluation before that of the anti-inflammatory properties.
  • 754
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Milk Origin and Cardiometabolic Health
The whole milk product (and individual milk ingredients) from different species could impact cardiometabolic health.
  • 749
  • 24 Feb 2022
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