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Topic Review
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Pulmonary Disease
Limited data are available regarding optimal treatment for refractory Mycobacterium avium complex-pulmonary disease (MAC-PD).We evaluated outcomes of inhaled amikacin (AMK) with clofazimine (CFZ) regimens as an add-on salvage therapy for refractory MAC-PD. We retrospectively analyzed 52 patients with refractory MAC-PD, characterized by persistently positive sputum cultures despite >6 months of treatment. Thirty-five (67%) patients had M. intracellulare-PD, and 17 (33%) patients had M. avium-PD. Twenty-seven (52%) patients received the salvage therapy for 12 months, whereas 25 (48%) patients were treated for <12 months due to adverse e ects or other reasons. Seventeen (33%) patients had culture conversion: 10 (10/27) in the 12-month treatment group and seven (7/25) in the <12-month treatment group (p = 0.488). Microbiological cure, defined as maintenance of culture negativity, was achieved in 12 (23%) patients; six (6/12) with accompanying symptomatic improvement were considered to have reached cure. Clinical cure, defined as symptomatic improvement with <3 consecutive negative cultures, was achieved in three (6%) patients. Overall, 15 (29%) patients achieved favorable outcomes, including microbiological cure, cure, and clinical cure. Inhaled AMK with CFZ may provide favorable outcomes in some patients with refractory MAC-PD. However, given the adverse e ects, more e ective strategies are needed to maintain these therapeutic regimens.
  • 807
  • 15 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Autophagy in Gastric Cancer Progression
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The three entirely variable entities have distinct epidemiology, molecular characteristics, prognosis, and strategies for clinical management. However, many gastric tumors appear to be resistant to current chemotherapeutic agents.
  • 806
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Endometriosis: Incidence and Prevalence
Endometriosis is a complex and heterogeneous disease. Diverse authors have tried to determine the incidence and the prevalence of endometriosis, but the results obtained show significant variability. A systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted to produce pooled estimates of those studies and discuss the advantages and limitations of the different case definitions, data sources, and study designs that have provided incidence and prevalence figures.
  • 803
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Asthma Endotypes and Phenotypes
Asthma is considered an umbrella diagnosis comprising various distinct manifestations and mechanisms. The precise definition of these endotypes and subgroups is crucial for asthma management due to therapeutic and prognostic implications.  A reductionist research approach to asthma complexity may explain the lack of translation of genomic findings into clinical practice to date, despite the abundance of low-to-modest effect genetic loci revealed by genomic studies of asthma. Shifting asthma diagnosis to specific endotypes and phenotypes  may provide insights into features that can be prevented or alleviated by therapeutic intervention.
  • 803
  • 04 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Intratumor Heterogeneity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related death, but it remains difficult to treat. Intratumor genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity are inherent properties of breast, skin, lung, prostate, and brain tumors, and intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) helps define prognosis and therapeutic response in these cancers. Several recent studies estimate that ITH is inherent to HCC and attribute the clinical intractability of HCC to this heterogeneity.
  • 797
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Disease Pathogenesis Research: Transgenic Mouse
Medical research is changing into direction of precision therapy, thus, sophisticated preclinical models are urgently needed. In human pathogenic virus research, the major technical hurdle is not only to translate discoveries from animals to treatments of humans, but also to overcome the problem of interspecies differences with regard to productive infections and comparable disease development. Transgenic mice provide a basis for research of disease pathogenesis after infection with human-specific viruses. Today, humanized mice can be found at the very heart of this forefront of medical research allowing for recapitulation of disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans.
  • 796
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
5-HT2B Receptor in Fibrosing ILD
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of more than 200 conditions, of which primarily idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, ILD associated with autoimmune diseases and sarcoidosis may present a progressive fibrosing (PF) phenotype. Despite different aetiology and histopathological patterns, the PF-ILDs have similarities regarding disease mechanisms with self-sustaining fibrosis, which suggests that the diseases may share common pathogenetic pathways. Previous studies show an enhanced activation of serotonergic signaling in pulmonary fibrosis, and the serotonin (5-HT)2 receptors have been implicated to have important roles in observed profibrotic actions.
  • 794
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Genetic Risk of Acute Pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis is a primarily noninfectious inflammatory disease of the pancreatic gland. With an annual incidence of 13–45/100.000 acute pancreatitis is one of the most common gastroenterological indications for emergency admittance and hospitalization in Europe and the USA. The presence of two of three criteria from the 2013 revised Atlanta classification system is required for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis: (1) typical belt-like abdominal pain, (2) elevated serum lipase level three times above the normal threshold or (3) diagnostic imaging signs of pancreatitis. An interstitial oedematous subtype of acute pancreatitis prevails, but a necrotizing form of pancreatitis may develop in 5%-10% of cases. While milder oedematous pancreatitis has a high tendency to resolve spontaneously, necrotizing pancreatitis has a mortality of more than 20% and is accompanied by sometimes lifelong consequences such as diabetes mellitus or exocrine insufficiency. The new classification system distinguishes three degrees of severity—mild, moderate, and severe—based on the presence of local and systemic complications and the duration of organ failure. Gender predominance is only seen in specific etiologies: gallstones are more common in women, whereas alcohol abuse is more frequent in men. The peak incidence of alcoholic acute pancreatitis is between 25–34 years in women and ten years later in men. Overall, pancreatitis risk increases continuously with age. Typically, patients are affected in their sixth decade of life and African Americans have a two to three fold increased pancreatitis risk compared to the white population. Characteristically, 20%–30% of patients with acute pancreatitis experience recurrent pancreatitis attacks and of these 10% will develop chronic pancreatitis.
  • 793
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Diet and Psoriasis
Dietary nutrients can activate the immune system and may lead to the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. 
  • 792
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNA, Diabetes Mellitus and CRC
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrinological disorder that is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the body does not respond appropriately to insulin. There are many complications of DM such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy. In addition to these complications, DM was reported to be associated with different cancers. 
  • 787
  • 09 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cannabidiol Treatment
Psoriasis is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species which leads to oxidative stress. As antioxidants can provide protection, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in psoriatic and healthy neutrophils. Important markers of NETosis were measured in healthy and psoriatic neutrophils after incubation with CBD, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LPS + CBD). The percentage of neutrophils undergoing NETosis and the level of NETosis markers (cfDNA, MPO, elastase) were higher in the neutrophils and blood plasma of psoriatic patients, compared to controls. After LPS treatment, all of the markers of NETosis, except elastase, and p47 and citrullinated histones, were increased in samples from healthy subjects and psoriasis patients. CBD reduced the concentrations of NETosis markers. This led to a reduction in NETosis, which was more pronounced in psoriatic neutrophils and neutrophils treated with LPS in both psoriatic and healthy participants. These results suggest that psoriatic patients neutrophils are at a higher risk of NETosis both in vitro and in vivo. CBD reduces NETosis, mainly in psoriatic neutrophils, possibly due to its antioxidant properties. The anti-NET properties of CBD suggest the positive effect of CBD in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
  • 782
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Intradural Pediatric Spinal Tumors
Pediatric spinal tumors are rare and account for 10% of all central nervous system tumors in children. Onset usually occurs with chronic nonspecific symptoms and may depend on the intra- or extradural neoplastic location. Meningiomas, schwannomas, and neurofibromas are the most common intradural-extramedullary lesions, while astrocytomas and ependymomas represent the majority of intramedullary tumors.
  • 775
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Immune Microenvironment
Since the efficacy of ICIs depends on the tumor immune microenvironment, it is necessary to elucidate the immune environment of HCC to select appropriate ICIs. 
  • 773
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The VP1u of B19V
The viral protein 1 unique region (VP1u) of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a multifunctional capsid protein with essential roles in virus tropism, uptake, and subcellular trafficking. Besides the essential functions in B19V infection, the remarkable erythroid specificity of the VP1u makes it a unique erythroid cell surface biomarker. Moreover, the demonstrated capacity of the VP1u to deliver diverse cargo specifically to cells around the proerythroblast differentiation stage, including erythroleukemic cells, offers novel therapeutic opportunities for erythroid-specific drug delivery.
  • 771
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Spontaneous Breathing in COVID-19 Patients
The mechanisms of acute respiratory failure other than inflammation and complicating the SARS-CoV-2 infection are still far from being fully understood, thus challenging the management of COVID-19 patients in the critical care setting. In this unforeseen scenario, the role of an indi-vidual’s excessive spontaneous breathing may acquire critical importance, being one potential and important driver of lung injury and disease progression.
  • 770
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Somatic Cell Therapy Medicinal Products Treat Retinal Dystrophies
Inherited retinal dystrophies and retinal degenerations related to more common diseases (i.e., age-related macular dystrophy) are a major issue and one of the main causes of low vision in pediatric and elderly age groups. Advancement and understanding in molecular biology and the possibilities raised by gene-editing techniques opened a new era for clinicians and patients due to feasible possibilities of treating disabling diseases and the reduction in their complications burden.
  • 770
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers and Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a debilitating consequence of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes affecting the kidney and renal tubules leading to End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). As diabetes is a world epidemic and almost half of the diabetic patients develop DN in their lifetime, a large group of people is affected. Due to the complex nature of the disease, current diagnosis and treatment are not adequate to halt disease progression or provide an effective cure.
  • 765
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Designing Novel Animal Models for Pathology Research
The development of animal models for the study of pathological conditions is a cornerstone of biomedical research. These models offer invaluable insights into disease mechanisms, potential therapeutic interventions, and the fundamental biology of various pathologies. 
  • 765
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Primary Retroperitoneal Carcinomas
Primary retroperitoneal carcinomas are very rare tumors. Their pathogenesis remains unknown but may be associated with that of ovarian carcinomas, considering the similarity in morphology and gender preference. Mucinous carcinoma, which develops in both women and men, may originate in both primordial germ cells and Walthard cell nests that may be derived from the fallopian tube. Serous carcinomas may be associated with endosalpingiosis and a remnant Müllerian tract. Endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas appear to be associated with extraovarian endometriosis. Additionally, both carcinomas in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes may be metastatic diseases from endometrial and/or renal cell cancers that regress spontaneously (carcinoma of unknown primary).
  • 765
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Intratumoral Platelets
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has gained considerable interest because of its decisive impact on cancer progression, response to treatment, and disease recurrence. The TME can favor the proliferation, dissemination, and immune evasion of cancer cells. Likewise, there is accumulating evidence that intratumoral platelets could favor the development and aggressiveness of solid tumors, notably by influencing tumor cell phenotype and shaping the vascular and immune TME components. Yet, in contrast to other tumor-associated cell types like macrophages and fibroblasts, platelets are still often overlooked as components of the TME. This might be due, in part, to a deficit in investigating and reporting the presence of platelets in the TME and its relationships with cancer characteristics. 
  • 764
  • 07 May 2022
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