Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Mood Dysregulations in GDM
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic condition of increased maternal blood glucose leve. GDM affects up to 36% of pregnant women. Mood dysregulations (MDs, e.g., depression, distress, and anxiety) are common among women with GDM. Symptoms of depression and anxiety usually overlap with one another as well as with distress symptoms; they develop in up to 27% and 24% of pregnancies, respectively.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Dietary and Pharmacological Antioxidants
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have physiological roles as second messengers, but can also exert detrimental modifications on DNA, proteins and lipids if resulting from enhanced generation or reduced antioxidant defense (oxidative stress). Venous thrombus (DVT) formation and resolution are influenced by ROS through modulation of the coagulation, fibrinolysis, proteolysis and the complement system, as well as the regulation of effector cells such as platelets, endothelial cells, erythrocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes and fibroblasts. Many conditions that carry an elevated risk of venous thrombosis, such as the Antiphospholipid Syndrome, have alterations in their redox homeostasis. Dietary and pharmacological antioxidants can modulate several important processes involved in DVT formation, but their overall effect is unknown and there are no recommendations regarding their use. The development of novel antioxidant treatments that aim to abrogate the formation of DVT or promote its resolution will depend on the identification of targets that enable ROS modulation confined to their site of interest in order to prevent off-target effects on physiological redox mechanisms. Subgroups of patients with increased systemic oxidative stress might benefit from unspecific antioxidant treatment, but more clinical studies are needed to bring clarity to this issue. (From: Reactive Oxygen Species in Venous Thrombosis, 10.3390/ijms21061918)
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Neurotrophic Factors in Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease and a worldwide leading cause of irreversible vision loss. In the last decades, high efforts have been made to develop novel treatments effective in inducing protection and/or recovery of neural function in glaucoma, including neurotrophic factors (NTFs). These approaches have shown encouraging data in preclinical setting; however, the challenge of sustained, targeted delivery to the retina and optic nerve still prevents the clinical translation.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Psychiatric Disorders of Childbirth
This article covers the complications of childbirth (parturition, labour, delivery,) not those of pregnancy or the postpartum period. Even with modern obstetrics and pain control, childbirth is still an ordeal for many women. During delivery, or immediately afterwards, dramatic complications are occasionally seen - delirium, stupor, rage, acts of desperation or neonaticide. These complications will be briefly reviewed in turn. With the great improvement in obstetric care, most of them have become rare. There is, however, a great contrast between Europe, North America, Australia, Japan and some other countries with advanced medical care, and the rest of the world. The wealthiest nations produce only 10 million children each year, from a total of 135 million. They have a maternal mortality rate (MMR) of 6–20/100,000. Some poorer nations with high birth rates have an MMR more than 100 times as high, and, presumably, a corresponding prevalence of severe morbidity. In Africa, India & South East Asia, and Latin America, these complications of parturition may still be as important as they have been throughout human history.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Medical Restraint
Medical restraints are physical restraints used during certain medical procedures to restrain patients with the minimum of discomfort and pain and to prevent them from injuring themselves or others.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MRI function in Bone Microstructure
Bone microarchitecture has been shown to provide useful information regarding the evaluation of skeleton quality with an added value to areal bone mineral density, which can be used for the di-agnosis of several bone diseases. Bone mineral density estimated from dual-energy x-ray absorp-tiometry (DXA) has shown to be a limited tool to identify patients’ risk stratification and therapy delivery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as another technique to assess bone quality and fracture risk by evaluating the bone structure and microarchitecture.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
GVHD Pathophysiology and MDSCs
The backbone of conventional treatment for aGVHD relies on the use of corticosteroids. Corticosteroids, as the gold standard of initial therapy, result in diverse complete responses (25–69%). As aGVHD severity increases, so does mortality, which is indicated by mortality rates reaching 95% in grade III-IV aGVHD. Despite the research community’s efforts to establish novel targeted strategies against GVHD, no optimal treatment regimen has been described.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mobile Phone Radiation and Health
The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is a subject of interest and study worldwide, as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world. (As of 2015), there were 7.4 billion subscriptions worldwide, though the actual number of users is lower as many users own more than one mobile phone. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range (450–3800 MHz and 24-80GHz in 5G mobile). Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation. The World Health Organization states that "A large number of studies have been performed over the last two decades to assess whether mobile phones pose a potential health risk. To date, no adverse health effects have been established as being caused by mobile phone use." In a 2018 statement, the FDA said that "the current safety limits are set to include a 50-fold safety margin from observed effects of radiofrequency energy exposure".
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ciguatera
Ciguatera is a food poisoning caused by ingestion of fish contaminated with dinoflagellate toxins that live in detritus and in macroalgae associated with reef systems.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Proteopathy
In medicine, proteopathy (/proʊtiːˈɒpəθiː/; from proteo- [pref. protein]; -pathy [suff. disease]; proteopathies pl.; proteopathic adj) refers to a class of diseases in which certain proteins become structurally abnormal, and thereby disrupt the function of cells, tissues and organs of the body. Often the proteins fail to fold into their normal configuration; in this misfolded state, the proteins can become toxic in some way (a toxic gain-of-function) or they can lose their normal function. The proteopathies (also known as proteinopathies, protein conformational disorders, or protein misfolding diseases) include such diseases as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and other prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyloidosis, multiple system atrophy, and a wide range of other disorders. The term proteopathy was first proposed in 2000 by Lary Walker and Harry LeVine. The concept of proteopathy can trace its origins to the mid-19th century, when, in 1854, Rudolf Virchow coined the term amyloid ("starch-like") to describe a substance in cerebral corpora amylacea that exhibited a chemical reaction resembling that of cellulose. In 1859, Friedreich and Kekulé demonstrated that, rather than consisting of cellulose, "amyloid" actually is rich in protein. Subsequent research has shown that many different proteins can form amyloid, and that all amyloids show birefringence in cross-polarized light after staining with the dye Congo red, as well as a fibrillar ultrastructure when viewed with an electron microscope. However, some proteinaceous lesions lack birefringence and contain few or no classical amyloid fibrils, such as the diffuse deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. Furthermore, evidence has emerged that small, non-fibrillar protein aggregates known as oligomers are toxic to the cells of an affected organ, and that amyloidogenic proteins in their fibrillar form may be relatively benign.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Etiopathogenetic Models on BIA-ALCL
BIA-ALCL is a rare T-cell lymphoma, CD30 positive, ALK-negative usually discovered after the diagnosis of spontaneous periprosthetic seroma or intracapsular mass around the breast implant.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticles Integrated with Antibacterial Properties
Nanotechnology has become an emerging technology in the medical field and is widely applicable for various clinical applications. The potential use of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents is greatly explored and taken into consideration as alternative methods to overcome the challenges faced by healthcare workers and patients in preventing infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms. 
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hyaluronic Acid-Conjugated Carbon Nanomaterials
Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been implemented for chemo and photothermal therapy to target tumour cells overexpressing the CD44+ receptor. HA-targeting hybrid systems allows carbon nanomaterial (CNM) carriers to efficiently deliver anticancer drugs, such as doxorubicin and gemcitabine, to the tumour sites. 
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Laboratory-Based Resources for COVID-19 Diagnostics
 The coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic in 2019 caused by sars-cov-2 highly infectious virus has triggered the global health and economic crisis. Controlling the spread of disease requires an effective and extensive laboratory strategy to test the population through multiple platforms to ensure rapid and accurate testing. diagnosis.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
IBTA-Induced Biotube® Blood Vessels
When iBTA was initially developed ~20 years ago, tubular tissues were formed on the surface of the implants from a simple encapsulation reaction by embedding plastic cylinders as a foreign substance. For many years, we have been investigating whether the obtained tissues can be used as a substitute blood vessel. The tissues obtained were generally extremely thin and uneven in thickness, but they withstood arterial pressure sufficiently as vascular tissues with a small diameter of about several mm.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus).
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
The concept of early COPD should be understood from the perspective of the longitudinal course of the disease. This represents an earlier point in the course of COPD that does not yet show spirometric airway obstruction or typical clinical manifestations. It should be distinguished from “mild COPD,” which is generally perceived as a cross-sectional-perspective mild spirometric airway obstruction regardless of the point in the course of the disease. However, due to a lack of evidence to identify COPD patients in the early stages of the course of the disease, many groups have used the definition of mild COPD without distinguishing it from early COPD.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Deal with Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the western population. The incidence of this disease increases with age. Rising life expectancy and the resulting increase in the ratio of elderly in the population are likely to exacerbate socioeconomic problems. Alzheimer’s disease is a multifactorial disease. In addition to amyloidogenic processing leading to plaques, and tau pathology, but also other molecular causes such as oxidative stress or inflammation play a crucial role. Unfortunately, all previous single-domain interventions have been shown to have limited benefit to patients. However, the latest studies indicate that combining these efforts into multidomain approaches may have increased preventive or therapeutic potential.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is the most common oral neoplasia in cats. This malignant tumor is locally invasive, has a high mortality rate, and its etiology is not yet known.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Prostatectomy
Prostate cancer is the second most common noncutaneous malignancy in men. Prostatectomy is a commonly used treatment modality for selected patients.Prostate’s ill defined borders and its vicinity with vital structures complicate the wide excision of the organ, resulting in positive margins of resection. Neoplastic infiltration of margins of resection in prostatectomy specimens affects patients’ prognosis. The surgical technique and surgeons’ expertise affect the incidence of margin positivity. The location and the extent of positive margins diversify the risk of recurrence, with basal infiltration and multifocal foci of positive margins behaving more aggressively. Pathologists are encouraged to thoroughly report the status of margins of resection, as they provide important information for patients’ prognosis and enable clinician to decide upon the most appropriate subsequent therapeutic steps.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jan 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 48
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback