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Topic Review
LC-PUFA Supplementation in Phenylketonuria Patients
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism. The treatment of PKU consists of a phenylalanine-free diet, which limits the intake of natural proteins of high biological value.
  • 479
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D in the Context of Evolution
For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore, can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established some 550 million years ago in animals, when the high-affinity nuclear receptor VDR (vitamin D receptor), transport proteins and enzymes for vitamin D metabolism evolved. This enabled vitamin D to regulate, via its target genes, physiological process, the first of which were detoxification and energy metabolism. In this way, vitamin D was enabled to modulate the energy-consuming processes of the innate immune system in its fight against microbes. In the evolving adaptive immune system, vitamin D started to act as a negative regulator of growth, which prevents overboarding reactions of T cells in the context of autoimmune diseases. When, some 400 million years ago, species left the ocean and were exposed to gravitation, vitamin D endocrinology took over the additional role as a major regulator of calcium homeostasis, being important for a stable skeleton.
  • 479
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Curcumin Mechanism on Human Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and accounts for most adult brain tumors. Current available treatment options for GBM are multimodal, which include surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. Despite the significant advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, GBM remains largely resistant to treatment, with a poor median survival rate between 12 and 18 months. With increasing drug resistance, the introduction of phytochemicals into current GBM treatment has become a potential strategy to combat GBM. Phytochemicals possess multifarious bioactivities with multitarget sites and comparatively marginal toxicity. Among them, curcumin is the most studied compound described as a potential anticancer agent due to its multi-targeted signaling/molecular pathways properties. Curcumin possesses the ability to modulate the core pathways involved in GBM cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, paraptosis, oxidative stress, and tumor cell motility. 
  • 478
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Management and Crohn’s Disease
It has been widely endorsed that a multifactorial etiology, including interaction between genetic and environmental factors, can contribute to Crohn’s Disease (CD) pathogenesis. More specifically, diet has proven to be able to shape gut microbiota composition and thus is suspected to play a significant role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Moreover, poor nutritional status and growth retardation, arising from several factors such as reduced dietary intake or nutrient leakage from the gastrointestinal tract, represent the hallmarks of pediatric CD. For these reasons, multiple research lines have recently focused on the utilization of dietary therapies for the management of CD, aiming to target concurrently mucosal inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis and optimization of nutritional status. The forerunner of such interventions is represented by exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), a robustly supported nutritional therapy; however, it is burdened by monotony and low tolerance in the long term. Novel dietary interventions, such as Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet or Crohn’s Disease treatment with eating, have shown their efficacy in the induction of remission in pediatric patients with CD.
  • 477
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Glycosylation of Ganoderma Triterpenoids
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus abundant in triterpenoids, its primary bioactive components. Although numerous Ganoderma triterpenoids have already been identified, rare Ganoderma triterpenoid saponins were recently discovered. To expand Ganoderma triterpenoids diversity and create novel Ganoderma saponins, Bacillus glycosyltransferases were used to glycosylate Ganoderma triterpenoids to produce novel Ganoderma saponins, which have high potential in pharmaceutical usages.
  • 477
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Web-Based Nutrition Information in Spanish for Cancer Patients
Digital and online information empowers citizens to make their own health decisions, including diet choices and cancer management. There are 100 national cancer organizations (NCOs) that provided content in Spanish on their websites. Twenty out of the 100 NCOs contained nutrition-cancer-related information addressed to the general audience. Healthy eating information and content focused on the management of side effects during cancer treatments was provided by all websites. Nutrition guidelines for cancer survivors were not always addressed but were well-described for cancer prevention. The possibilities for personalized guidelines and interaction with web-based information remain uncovered. 
  • 476
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition in Actual COVID-19 Pandemic
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shocked world health authorities generating a global health crisis. A direct impact on the normal life of people around the world was produced by the actual pandemic with restrictive policies like lockdown, the use of protective masks, and limitations of personal movement. The COVID-19 lockdown promoted unhealthy dietary changes and increases in body weight of the population, showing obesity and low physical activity levels as increased risk factors of COVID-19 affection and physiopathology. In addition, hospitalized COVID-19 patients presented malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamin C, D, B12 selenium, iron, omega-3, and medium and long-chain fatty acids highlighting the potential health effect of vitamin C and D interventions. 
  • 475
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Home Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
The evolution of home parenteral and enteral nutrition (HPEN) has been a critical medical advance for patients who are unable to maintain their nutrition by mouth. Technological advances during the 20th century have allowed these life-saving therapies to be delivered to patients at home, revolutionizing the field of clinical nutrition. Worldwide prevalence of home enteral nutrition (HEN) and parenteral nutrition (HPN) is difficult to estimate.
  • 475
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Hypovitaminosis D and T Cell in Obesity
Subclinical inflammation in morbid obesity is associated with the activation of the immune system and the development of concomitant diseases. Impaired immune homeostasis and dysregulation of immune cells in adipose tissue are associated with phenotypic and functional changes in the pool of T-lymphocytes and the development of chronic vitamin D deficiency. Low vitamin D levels in obesity lead to activation, proliferation, and production of pro-inflammatory mediators T cells. Hypovitaminosis D is the reason for the decrease in the functional potential of regulatory and anti-inflammatory lymphocytes and the maintenance of the inflammatory response.
  • 474
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Food Classification and Long-Tailed Image Recognition
Food classification serves as the basic step of image-based dietary assessment to predict the types of foods in each input image. However, foods in real-world scenarios are typically long-tail distributed, where a small number of food types are consumed more frequently than others, which causes a severe class imbalance issue and hinders the overall performance. In addition, none of the existing long-tailed classification methods focus on food data, which can be more challenging due to the inter-class similarity and intra-class diversity between food images. 
  • 474
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pioglitazone Use and Sepsis Mortality
The pioglitazone use via the PPARγ agonist in sepsis patients is inconclusive. It was based on a great number of animal studies. However, except for information from animal studies, there are merely no data of human for reference. This study was conducted by a unique database including 1.6 million of diabetic patients. From 1999 to 2013, a total of 145,327 type 2 diabetic patients, first admitted for sepsis, were enrolled. Propensity score matching was conducted in a 1:5 ratio between pioglitazone users and nonusers. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of hospital mortality in pioglitazone users. Further stratification analysis and Kaplan-Meier plot were utilized. A total of 9,310 sepsis pioglitazone users (defined as "ever" use pioglitazone in any dose within 3 months prior to the first admission for sepsis) and 46,550 matched nonusers were retrieved, respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression model, the cohort of pioglitazone users (9,310) had a decreased aOR = 0.95 (95% CI, 0.89-1.02) of sepsis mortality. Further stratification analysis demonstrated that "chronic pioglitazone users" (defined as "at least" 4 weeks drug use within 3 months) (3,399) was much associated with significant aOR = 0.80 (95% CI, 0.72-0.89) in reducing sepsis mortality. This first human cohort study demonstrated the potential protective effect of chronic pioglitazone use in type 2 diabetic sepsis patients.
  • 473
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Effects of Catechins
Catechins are polyphenolic flavonoids derived from catechu, which is the tannic juice or boiled extract of Acacia catechu L. Green tea, one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, obtained from the buds and leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis, is a well-known source of catechins. Moreover, catechins are found in a variety of foods and herbs including wine, apples, persimmons, cocoa, grapes, berries, and cocoa-based products. Due to numerous hydroxyl groups, catechins have powerful antioxidant and metal-chelating properties, which have been confirmed in in-vitro and clinical studies.
  • 471
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Curcumin Effects on Gut Microbiota
Curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol, has been recently proposed for the management of neurodegeneration.  It is possible that curcumin could exert direct regulative effects primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, where high concentrations of curcumin are present after oral administration.
  • 471
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer worldwide and the most commonly occurring malignancy in women. There is growing evidence that lifestyle factors, including diet, body weight and physical activity, may be associated with higher BC risk. 
  • 470
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Probiotics Supplementation on Infections in Athletes
It is well established that physical activity (PA) can have beneficial effects on the whole human body and strength its immune defenses. In fact, scientific evidence has established that regular PA is effective in the prevention of various chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression, osteoporosis, and premature death. However, the effects of PA can be different depending on its intensity and duration. In fact, during heavy training and competitions, a higher incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, such as diarrhea and heartburn, and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) can occur. This is due to acute post-exercise immune breakdowns and chronic suppression of immune factors, dependent on frequent strenuous exercise. Therefore, reducing these symptoms in athletes becomes a top priority. Evidence shows that probiotics could be useful in reducing the risk of development or the severity of GI or URT infections, but firther research in this field is still needed.
  • 468
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui Berry)
The Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, also known as Maqui, is an endemic berry native to southern Chile. It is a very popular berry for its nutritional attributes and health benefits, provided mainly by its polyphenols.
  • 467
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Nutritional Support and Cancer
The role of nutritional support for cancer patients in palliative care is still a controversial topic. In the past, there has been limited collaboration between oncologists, clinical nutrition specialists, and palliative care physicians involved in the care of advanced cancer patients. Collaboration has been made more complex by the fact that, while it is clear what nutritional support is, there is no common or shared definition, not so much of palliative care, but of what constitutes a person who needs palliative care. In fact, there is no consensus in the literature on the definition of the palliative care patient because of the ambiguity in the common use in medicine of the adjective palliative. For many years, efforts have been made to find a screening tool to identify patients in need of palliative care in the hospital setting, as this would be very useful in both Internal Medicine and, in particular, Medical Oncology.
  • 466
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Uses of Melatonin
Melatonin has become a popular dietary supplement, most known as a chronobiotic, and for establishing healthy sleep. There are distinct similarities between melatonin and vitamin D in the depth and breadth of their impact on health. Both act as hormones, affect multiple systems through their immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory functions, are found in the skin, and are responsive to sunlight and darkness.
  • 465
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Alcohol, Drinking Pattern, and Chronic Disease
Alcohol is an addictive substance consumed worldwide, especially in European countries. Recommendations on alcohol consumption are controversial. On one hand, many nonrandomized studies defend that moderate consumption has a beneficial cardiovascular effect or a lower risk of all-cause mortality. On the other hand, alcohol is associated with an increased risk of cancer, neurological diseases, or injuries, among others.
  • 464
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Metabolism-Related Diseases
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are not directly transmissible from person to person, but  are the combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioural factors. The main NCDs are diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases. The first three are associated with metabolic changes that increase the risk of suffering them.
  • 464
  • 16 Sep 2021
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