Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Fanconi Anemia (FA)
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disorder with the clinical characteristics of (i) specific malformations at birth, (ii) progressive bone marrow failure already during early childhood and (iii) dramatically increased risk of developing cancer in early age, such as acute myeloid leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma. Patients with FA show DNA fragility due to a defect in the DNA repair machinery based on predominately recessive mutations in 23 genes.
  • 843
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Characteristics and General Classification of Gastric Cancer
Gastric tumors have been divided based on their location—cardiac and distal. The former refers to the small paracardial area, while the latter refers to the rest of it. The most popular classification in terms of histology is the Laurén classification, which distinguishes between two types of gastric cancer (GC)—intestinal and diffuse. The first GC subtype is often associated with Helicobacter Pylori and lifestyle, which includes a high intake of table salt and alcohol, a low supply of fruits and vegetables, or smoking. It is estimated that about 15–20% of tumors do not fall under Laurén’s classification and are, therefore, considered intermediate tumors. Clinically, GC can also be divided according to its early or advanced stage. Early gastric cancers refer to small tumors (2–5 cm) that take the form of invasive carcinoma of the gastric mucosa or submucosa. Detection of lesions at their early stage is associated with relatively good survival.
  • 843
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome in Critically Ill Patients
Critically ill patients have an alteration in the microbiome in which it becomes a disease-promoting pathobiome. It is characterized by lower bacterial diversity, loss of commensal phyla, like Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and a domination of pathogens belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum. Critically ill patients also have a hyperpermeable gut barrier and dysregulation of the inflammatory response that favor the development of the pathobiome, translocation of pathogens, and facilitate the emergence of sepsis. 
  • 841
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
New Labeling Rules for Wine
Phenolic compounds have attracted considerable research interest due to their antioxidant properties and potential beneficial effects on human health. Data on estimated consumption of wine suggest that the polyphenol contents are similar regardless of choice of wine/area while different alcohol compositions affect the level of alcohol and calorie intake. Thus, moderate wine drinkers should be advised to control the habit, but without exceeding the dose considered a healthy threshold (up to 30–40 g of alcohol/day in men and 10–20 g of alcohol/day in women), given no medical contraindications are present.
  • 841
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nordic Diet and Inflammation
Low-grade inflammation (LGI) has been suggested to be involved in the development of chronic diseases. Healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), may decrease the markers of LGI. Healthy Nordic diet (HND) has many similarities with MD, but its effects on LGI are less well known. Both of these dietary patterns emphasize the abundant use of fruits and vegetables (and berries in HND), whole grain products, fish, and vegetable oil (canola oil in HND and olive oil in MD), but restrict the use of saturated fat and red and processed meat. 
  • 840
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Hypocholesterolemic Properties of Flaxseed
Flaxseed contains high amounts of biologically active components such as α-linolenic acid, lignans, and dietary fiber, and have the effect of lowering cholesterol. Due to its numerous nutritional properties, flaxseed has been classified as a “superfood”, that is, a food of natural origin with various bioactive components and many health-promoting benefits. Flaxseed consumption can be an important factor in the prevention of diseases, particularly related to nutrition. The regular consumption of flaxseed may help to improve lipid profile and lower blood pressure.
  • 840
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nutrition and Health-Related Problems in Super-Aging Societies
Many countries are facing the advent of super-aging societies, where sarcopenia and frailty will become pertinent problems. The prevalence of comorbidities is a major problem in countries with aged populations as elderly people suffer from various diseases, such as diabetes, heart failure, chronic kidney disease and dementia. All of these diseases are associated with sarcopenia and frailty, and they frequently cause falls, fractures, and a decline in activities of daily living. Fractures in the elderly people are associated with bone fragility, which is influenced by diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Nutritional support for chronic disease patients and sarcopenic individuals with adequate energy and protein intake, vitamin D supplementation, blood glucose level management for individuals with diabetes, obesity prevention, nutritional education for healthy individuals, and the enlightenment of society could be crucial to solve the health-related problems in super-aging societies.
  • 840
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Foods in Prevention of Atherosclerosis
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are considered to be the leading cause of death worldwide. Inadequate fruit and vegetable intake have been recognized as a risk factor for almost all NCDs (type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases). 
  • 839
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Brassica Bioactives on Human Health
Brassica vegetables and their components, the glucosinolates, have been suggested as good candidates as dietary coadjutants to improve health in non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
  • 837
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ruminant Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Milk has been shown to contain a specific fraction of extracellular particles that are reported to resist digestion and are purposefully packaged with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to exert specific biological effects. These findings suggest that these particles may have a role in the quality of infant nutrition, particularly in the early phase of life when many of the foundations of an infant’s potential for health and overall wellness are established. However, much of the current research focuses on human or cow milk only, and there is a knowledge gap in how milk from other species, which may be more commonly consumed in different regions, could also have these reported biological effects.
  • 836
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Punicic Acid and Ferroptotic Cell
Plant-derived conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA) have been widely studied for their preventive and therapeutic properties against diverse diseases such as cancer. In particular, punicic acid (PunA), a conjugated linolenic acid isomer (C18:3 c9t11c13) present at up to 83% in pomegranate seed oil, has been shown to exert anti-cancer effects, although the mechanism behind its cytotoxicity remains unclear. Ferroptosis, a cell death triggered by an overwhelming accumulation of lipid peroxides, has recently arisen as a potential mechanism underlying CLnA cytotoxicity. In the present study, we show that PunA is highly cytotoxic to HCT-116 colorectal and FaDu hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells grown either in monolayers or as three-dimensional spheroids. Moreover, our data indicate that PunA triggers ferroptosis in carcinoma cells. It induces significant lipid peroxidation and its effects are prevented by the addition of ferroptosis inhibitors. A combination with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a known polyunsaturated fatty acid with anticancer properties, synergistically increases PunA cytotoxicity. Our findings highlight the potential of using PunA as a ferroptosis-sensitizing phytochemical for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
  • 835
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Calorie Restriction on Health Span
As the incidence of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs) increases, preventive approaches become more crucial. In this review, calorie restriction (CR) effects on human beings were evaluated, comparing the benefits and risks of different CR diets: classic CR vs. ketosis-inducing diets, including intermittent fasting (IF), classic ketogenic diet (CKD), fasting mimicking diet (FMD), very-low-calorie ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) and Spanish ketogenic Mediterranean diet (SKMD). Special emphasis on insulin resistance (IR) was placed, as it mediates metabolic syndrome (MS), a known risk factor for CNCD, and is predictive of MS diagnosis. 
  • 834
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Lycopene Metabolism, Bioavailability and Immunomodulatory Effects
Lycopene is a carotenoid found commonly in fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit and watermelons with non-provitamin A activity. It is the compound responsible for the red coloration of the fruits. It shares the same molecular mass and chemical formula with beta-carotene, but lycopene is an open-polyene chain which lacks the β-ionone ring structure found in beta-carotene. 
  • 833
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Weight Loss and Hypertension
Arterial hypertension is strongly related to overweight and obesity. In obese subjects, several mechanisms may lead to hypertension such as insulin and leptin resistance, perivascular adipose tissue dysfunction, renal impairment, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system activation and sympathetic nervous system activity. Weight loss (WL) seems to have positive effects on blood pressure (BP).
  • 832
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Four Strategies to Prevent Metabolic Syndrom
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of biochemical and physical conditions associated with an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases. Excess abdominal fat is most closely associated with metabolic risk factors and is most likely the initiating factor of risk factor clustering in MetS. These risk factors, namely, impaired blood glucose, dyslipidaemia, and raised blood pressure, are symptoms of metabolic chaos inside the body.
  • 831
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Iodine (I)
Iodine (I) is an essential element required for synthesis of the thyroid hormones triiodothyroine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) which participate in regulating multiple metabolic processes. The main symptoms of severe I deficiency (ID), termed I deficiency disorders (IDDs), include endemic goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, decreased fertility rate, increased infant mortality, and mental retardation. 
  • 828
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Lipids and Lipoproteins in Pregnancy
Inflammation and oxidative stress are essential components in a myriad of pathogenic entities that lead to metabolic and chronic diseases. Moreover, inflammation in its different phases is necessary for the initiation and maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Therefore, an equilibrium between a necessary/pathologic level of inflammation and oxidative stress during pregnancy is needed to avoid disease development. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are important for a healthy pregnancy and a good neonatal outcome. Their role in fetal development during challenging situations is vital for maintaining the equilibrium. 
  • 827
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nutrition in Actual COVID-19 Pandemic
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shocked world health authorities generating a global health crisis. A direct impact on the normal life of people around the world was produced by the actual pandemic with restrictive policies like lockdown, the use of protective masks, and limitations of personal movement. The COVID-19 lockdown promoted unhealthy dietary changes and increases in body weight of the population, showing obesity and low physical activity levels as increased risk factors of COVID-19 affection and physiopathology. In addition, hospitalized COVID-19 patients presented malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamin C, D, B12 selenium, iron, omega-3, and medium and long-chain fatty acids highlighting the potential health effect of vitamin C and D interventions. 
  • 826
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota Profile in Adults Undergoing Bariatric Surgery
Gut microbiota (GM) after bariatric surgery (BS) has been considered as a factor associated with metabolic improvements and weight loss. Researchers evaluate changes in the GM, characterized by 16S rRNA and metagenomics techniques, in obese adults who received BS. The predominance of intestinal bacteria phyla varied among studies; however, most of them reported a greater amount of Bacteroidetes (B), Proteobacteria (P), and diversity (D) after BS. Firmicutes (F), B, and the (F/B) ratio was inconsistent, increasing or decreasing after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) were conducted, compared to before surgery. There was a reduction in the relative proportion of F. Moreover, a higher proportion of Actinobacteria (A) was observed after RYGB was conducted. However, the same was not identified when SG procedures were applied. Genera abundance and bacteria predominance varied according to the surgical procedure, with limited data regarding the impact on phyla.
  • 826
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Osteoarthritis in The Elderly
Lower-extremity osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disease in elder population. The main symptom of OA is pain which leads to muscle weakness and physical disability. Recently, most studies indicated that muscle weakness, function limitation, and severity of disease are closely associated with ageing-related muscle attenuations. Therefore, elder individuals with OA have potential sarcopenia risks. Under multifactor risks of OA, it is important to identify effectiveness and efficiency of multidisciplinary management for such elder population to achieve healthy status. Previous studies have indicated that protein supplementation (PS) enhances exercise efficacy by additionally increasing muscle mass and strength for elder individuals with high sarcopenia and frailty risks who were undergoing exercise training (ET). However, it remains unclear whether PS in combination with ET augments benefits in lean mass, strength, and physical function of older adults with lower-extremity OA. In addition, few systematic reviews and meta-analysis studies regarding the effects of PS plus ET have emphasized on elder people with OA. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether PS plus ET exert beneficial effects on functional outcomes in older individuals with lower-extremity OA by using the methods of systematic reviews and meta-analysis.
  • 822
  • 28 Aug 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 40
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback