Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Estrogens and Androgens in Plants
Steroids are a group of compounds to which a number of crucial metabolism-controlling hormones belong. The group of steroid hormones that are present and active in animals and humans (mammalian steroid hormones) is large and includes, among others, corticosteroids, which control, for example, water and mineral management and sex hormones—i.e., androgens, estrogens, progesterone, which are responsible for development and reproduction.  Ecdysteroids are mainly known as being the steroid hormones of arthropods that regulate ecdysis and development. In plants, the steroid regulators include the brassinosteroids, which are hormones that have a multidirectional activity and are engaged in plant growth, development, and its response to environmental stresses.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Fragmentation of Human Embryos
Embryo fragmentation represents a phenomenon generally characterized by the presence of membrane-bound extracellular cytoplasm into the perivitelline space. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Rumex dentatus L.
Herbicide resistance in weeds is a global threat to sustaining food security. In India, herbicide-resistant Phalaris minor was the major problem in wheat for more than two decades, but the continuous use of metsulfuron-methyl (an ALS inhibitor) to control broadleaf weeds has resulted in the evolution of ALS inhibitor-resistant Rumex dentatus L. This review summarizes the current scenario of herbicide resistance in R. dentatus, along with its ecology and management perspectives. Studies have provided valuable insights on the emergence pattern of R. dentatus under different environments in relation to tillage, cropping systems, nutrients, and irrigation. Moreover, R. dentatus has exhibited higher emergence under zero tillage, with high infestation levels in rice-wheat compared to other wheat-based cropping systems (sorghum-wheat). Alternative herbicides for the management of resistant R. dentatus include pendimethalin, 2,4-D, carfentrazone, isoproturon, and metribuzin. Although the pre-emergence application of pendimethalin is highly successful in suppressing R. dentatus, but its efficiency is questionable under lower field soil moisture and heavy residue load conditions. Nevertheless, the biological data may be utilized to control R. dentatus. Therefore, herbicide rotation with suitable spray techniques, collecting weed seeds at differential heights from wheat, crop rotation, alternate tillage practices, and straw retention are recommended for addressing the resistance issue in R. dentatus in North India conditions. Overall, we discuss the current state of herbicide resistance in R. dentatus, the agronomic factors affecting its population, its proliferation in specific cropping systems (rice-wheat), and management strategies for containing an infestation of a resistant population. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Periosteum-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
The periosteum, with its outer fibrous and inner cambium layer, lies in a dynamic environment with a niche of pluripotent stem cells for their reparative needs. The inner cambium layer is rich in mesenchymal progenitors, osteogenic progenitors, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts in a scant collagen matrix environment. Their role in union and remodeling of fracture is well known.  From a therapeutic standpoint, the periosteum as a source of tissue engineering has gained much attraction. 
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
ULF-TENS on Myogenous Temporomandibular Dysfunction
Ultra-low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS) is an active therapeutic device that affects relaxation of masticatory and mandibular postural muscles through applying low-frequency, low current stimulation of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and a branch of the superficial facial nerve.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that preferably affects small joints. As the well-timed diagnosis of the disease is essential for the treatment of the patient, several works have been conducted in the field of deep learning to develop fast and accurate automatic methods for RA diagnosis.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Big Data in Biodiversity Science
Biodiversity refers to the variety of genes, species and ecosystems of life on Earth, and is the source of many essential goods and services (e.g., food, timber, medicine, nutrient recycling, crop pollination) that support human well-being and quality of life. Despite several international treaties, efforts and commitments to curb its loss, biodiversity continues to decline at a rate above species discovery rate, largely due to anthropogenic factors. To assess the status and trends (local and global) in biodiversity requires a vast amount of relevant information on the distribution and abundance of different species across varying spatial and temporal scales. In other words, relevant data need to be collected, collated, and analyzed.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Phytosterols in Seaweeds
Phytosterols, as the name implies, are defined as fatty compounds produced by plants, and remarkably contribute as the major lipid constituent of biological membrane of plant cells.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Transformation of Rice Crop Technology in Indonesia
Rice is the Indonesian staple food with increasing demand in line with the growth of Indonesia’s population. The contribution of the agricultural sector to value addition and employment creation has generally changed with the development of agricultural innovation. For example, China has made remarkable progress in feeding 22% of the world’s population. Consequently, the agricultural technology transformation process must be phased in to ensure that the rural economic transformation is on track for sustainable food security. Therefore, government and private institutions associated with credit, inputs, and prices directly influence adoption, use, and yield levels. Support for research and extension will be able to guarantees efficient transformation of the rice yield gap. The adoption of these improved technologies by farmers depends on the capacity of national agricultural research centres and extension services, which require additional government resources and training.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Canadian Lynx
The Canadian Lynx (Lynx canadensis) is a medium-sized wildcat species native to North America, predominantly found in boreal forests and mountainous regions. Recognizable for its distinctive tufted ears, thick fur coat, and short tail, this elusive carnivore is well-adapted to cold climates and dense forest habitats. Known for its stealthy hunting prowess and preference for snowshoe hares, the Canadian Lynx plays a vital role in regulating prey populations and maintaining ecosystem balance in its range.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Decapods Crustaceans Amylase
Decapod crustaceans are a very diverse group and have evolved to adapt to a broad variety of diets. However, α-amylases have been more thoroughly studies in herbivore and omnivore species, both from an evolutionary/ecological and applied (i.e., aquaculture) point of view, while information on α-amylases from carnivorous species is scarce. Diverse studies revealed that enzyme sequences and overall architecture is highly conserved among decapods. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Gray Seal
The Gray Seal, scientifically known as Halichoerus grypus, is a marine mammal renowned for its distinctive appearance and widespread distribution across the North Atlantic Ocean. Characterized by its robust build, long whiskers, and mottled gray fur, the Gray Seal is a highly adaptable species found inhabiting coastal waters, rocky shores, and sandy beaches from Canada to Europe. As a top predator in marine ecosystems, the Gray Seal plays a crucial role in regulating prey populations and maintaining ecosystem balance.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bread wheat grain yield
Bread wheat is one of the most important cereals for food and feed and also one of the crops most affected by environmental changes. With the increasing frequency of extreme heat events become urgent to acquire a deeper understanding of their effects in wheat grain yield and nutritional parameters, such as protein content. The assessment of these parameters in distinct wheat varieties will enrich breeding programs contributing to assure food security. Comparative analysis of grains from control and treated plants disclosed intervarietal diversity in high temperature response regarding grain number, weight and macro components, such as protein. Moreover, both analyses showed that the intervarietal diversity observed in control conditions was significantly reduced in HT treated plants. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bacteria and Boar Semen Storage
Artificial insemination (AI) is a widely used technique in swine production. Advances in the technique have made it possible to store spermatozoa at temperatures of 15–20 °C for short periods, up to ten days. Unfortunately, it is currently associated with bacterial contamination of semen during collection and dilution. Although the temperature is reduced to induce sperm inactivity during storage, bacterial growth can still occur. Bacterial growth has been associated with deleterious effects on semen quality and shelf life, such as sperm agglutination, decreased sperm motility and viability. In addition, reproductive output after AI can also be affected by bacteriospermia.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cardiac Morphogenesis
MicroRNAs represent the most studied subtype of small non-coding RNAs. microRNAs display temporal and spatial differential expression in both embryonic and adult tissues, contributing thus to both embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Long non-coding RNAs also display tissue-specific expression during embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis, being their role in pathology also emerging.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Methods for Monitoring Udder Health and Milk Quality
To maximize milk production, efficiency, and profits, modern dairy cows are genetically selected and bred to produce more and more milk and are fed copious quantities of high-energy feed to support ever-increasing milk volumes. As demands for increased milk yield and milking efficiency continue to rise to provide for the growing world population, more significant stress is placed on the dairy cow’s productive capacity. In this climate, which is becoming increasingly hotter, millions of people depend on the capacity of cattle to respond to new environments and to cope with temperature shocks as well as additional stress factors such as solar radiation, animal crowding, insect pests, and poor ventilation, which are often associated with an increased risk of mastitis, resulting in lower milk quality and reduced production. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Forage Nutritive Value
Forage nutritive value is generally analyzed by relating the attributes of nutritive value to plant phenology in order to predict the decline of these attributes with plant age. A more functional analysis is based on the assumption that above ground plant mass (W) is composed of two compartments: (i) the metabolic compartment (Wm) 18 associated with plant growth processes scaling with leaf area and having high N concentration (%N) and digestibility (%D); and (ii) the structural compartment (Ws) associated with the architectural plant development scaling with plant height and thickness and having low %N and %D. If we postulate that Wm is allometrically related to W, the ontogenetic decline of both %N and %D as plant gets bigger and forage mass increases can be explained and described. The theoretical framework developed in this review allows the expression of a mechanistic link between the increase in plant size and the decrease of both forage crude protein concentration and digestibility linking forage production and forage nutritive value dynamics within the same functional approach for a better understanding of genotype-environment-management interactions.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Wild Boar Hunting Methods
High wild boar population densities lead to demands for a population reduction to avoid crop damages or epidemic diseases. Along with biological studies, a better understanding of the human influence on wildlife and on wildlife management is important. We conducted inquiries on hunting methods and on hunters’ attitudes in the Federal State of Lower Saxony, Germany, to better understand hunting strategies and the influence on increasing wild boar population, as well as to underpin game management concepts. Single hunt, especially at bait, is still the most widely used method for hunting wild boar. The proportion of drive hunts within the hunting bag is increasing. The proportions of hunting methods vary regionally due to wild boar densities, geographical features (vegetation, terrain, etc.) and hunters’ practices. Hunters increased the proportion of conjoint hunts on wild boar. Baiting remains an important hunting method in wild boar management and the proportion of drive hunts should be fostered. Private hunting is important for wild boar management, although it is just insufficient. Additionally, administrative wildlife managers are recommended for the near future as coordinators of wild boar management, and as such, could manage hunting, the incorporation of regional conditions and investigating hunters’ attitudes and abilities. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV2 Spike Protein
The SARS-CoV2 Spike protein protrudes from the surface of the virus where it plays a critical role in mediating attachment and entry into target human cells. Mutations in Spike have been implicated in the evolution of highly transmissible variants that have led to increased cases of COVID-19. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 has been identified as the Spike receptor on target cells. Additional Spike binding sites on target cells, including heparan sulfate, have been shown to contribute to Spike-mediated SARS-CoV2 cell infection. It will be critical to define the molecular mechanisms used by Spike in order to design effective therapies to combat current and future variants of SARS-CoV2. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tannery Solid Wastes for Animal Feed
The animal food industry boasted a remarkable global trade value of USD 40.9 billion in 2021. Out of 1217 traded products, it secured the 110th spot, meaning that animal food represents a commanding presence, accounting for the top 9% of all traded commodities.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 70
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Academic Video Service
Feedback