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Topic Review
Circulating Cell-Free DNA Levels in Psychiatric Diseases
The cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels are known to increase in biological fluids in various pathological conditions. However, the data on circulating cfDNA in severe psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and depressive disorders (DDs), is contradictory. The meta-analysis showed that the levels of total cfDNA and genomic cfDNA in patients with schizophrenia are significantly higher than in healthy donors (SMD values of 0.61 and 0.6, respectively; p < 0.00001). Data on mitochondrial cfDNA in schizophrenia were scarce. Meta-analysis in BD and DDs found no significant differences in the level of mitochondrial cfDNA. However, further research on mitochondrial and genomic cfDNA levels in psychiatric disorders is needed due to the data heterogeneity.
  • 860
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder that comprises a complex aetiology, where a genetic component has been suggested, together with multiple environmental risk factors. Because of its increasing incidence in the paediatric population and the lack of successful curative therapies, ASD is one of the most puzzling disorders for medicine. In the last two decades and more, the relationship between oxidative stress (OS) and ASD has been recurrently documented. For this reason, the former hypothesis, according to which reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) play an important role in ASD is now a certainty. Thus, in this research, it is discussed many aspects of the role of OS in ASD. In addition, the possibility that free radicals promote lipid peroxidation, as well as an increase in other OS biomarkers are presented. Finally, the possibility of novel nutritional interventions aimed at counteracting ROS production in people with ASD is outlined. In fact, new strategies have investigated the possibility that ASD symptoms, as well behavioral anomalies may be improved after interventions using antioxidants as supplements or included in foods.
  • 859
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
Rozlana idiopatyczna hiperostoza szkieletu (DISH) jest stanem charakteryzującym się zwapnieniem i kostnieniem więzadeł kręgosłupa szyjnego; w niektórych przypadkach może to skutkować dysfagią.
  • 857
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Its main symptoms include resting tremors, rigidity, shuffling gait, and bradykinesia. Genome-wide association studies have identified many genetic variants associated with PD. Studies of animal models, neuroimages, and postmortem pathology have also provided substantial insights into the involvement of neuroinflammation in PD pathogenesis, and indicate that cytokine-induced inflammatory responses may play a vital role.
  • 857
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson's disease is caused by an abnormal accumulation of alfa-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons of the substantial nigra, which subsequently causes motor symptoms. Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in PD. This neuroinflammatory neurodegeneration involves the activation of microglia, upregulation of proinflammatory factors, and gut microbiota.
  • 856
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pathological Protein Aggregation Involved in ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of lower and upper motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in paralysis and eventually death due to respiratory insufficiency. Pathological protein aggregates are also a feature of ALS, and occur in the form of ubiquitinated inclusions in neurons and glia.
  • 856
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Galectin-3 in Neurodevelopment
There is a plethora of evidence to suggest that Galectin-3 plays an important role in normal functions of mammalian cells, as well as in different pathogenic conditions.
  • 854
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Rhes in Parkinson’s Disease
Rhes is one of the most interesting genes regulated by thyroid hormones that, through the inhibition of the striatal cAMP/PKA pathway, acts as a modulator of dopamine neurotransmission. Rhes mRNA is expressed at high levels in the dorsal striatum, with a medial-to-lateral expression gradient reflecting that of both dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors. Rhes transcript is also present in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, olfactory tubercle and bulb, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area of the rodent brain. In line with Rhes-dependent regulation of dopaminergic transmission, data showed that lack of Rhes enhanced cocaine- and amphetamine-induced motor stimulation in mice.
  • 853
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Microglia and Mast Cells in Neuro-COVID
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). About 45% of COVID-19 patients experience several symptoms a few months after the initial infection and develop post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), referred to as “Long-COVID,” characterized by persistent physical and mental fatigue. However, the exact pathogenetic mechanisms affecting the brain are still not well-understood. There is increasing evidence of neurovascular inflammation in the brain.
  • 852
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Botulinum Neurotoxin in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is the most common age-related motoric neurodegenerative disease. In addition to the cardinal motor symptoms of tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, there are numerous non-motor symptoms as well. Among the non-motor symptoms, autonomic nervous system dysfunction is common. Autonomic symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease include sialorrhea, hyperhidrosis, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and urinary dysfunction. Botulinum neurotoxin has been shown to potentially improve these autonomic symptoms.
  • 849
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Strategies to Promote Neural Regeneration after Intracerebral Hemorrhage
The restorative capability of the central nervous system (CNS) after ICH has received little attention, even though it is clear that the brain has capacity for repair after injury. The dynamic changes of myelin (de- and remyelination) can be found in brains of patients with multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease; a novel transgenic reporter mouse line shows proof of myelin renewal in normal homeostasis. Enhanced neural regenerative processes including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and axonal regeneration have been observed in divergent CNS pathologies.
  • 849
  • 03 Nov 2021
Biography
Suh Yoo-hun
Suh Yoo-hun (Korean: 서유헌, born February 8, 1948) is a South Korea n neuroscientist. His researches focus on neurodegeneration, especially on the discovery of genes and therapies for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Suh Yoo-hun was born in Seoul. He obtained his MD in 1973 and his PhD in medicine and pharmacology in 1981, both degrees at the college of medicine in Seoul Nati
  • 849
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
RNA-Binding Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) include a large spectrum of heterogeneous and multifactorial pathologies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and multiple system atrophy, and the formation of inclusion bodies resulting from protein misfolding and aggregation is a hallmark of these disorders.
  • 848
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without alterations to the DNA sequence, linking the genome to its surroundings. The accumulation of epigenetic alterations over the lifespan may contribute to neurodegeneration.
  • 848
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Risk Factors Associated with IAs in Subarachnoid Hemorrhages
An subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is the predominant initial sign of cerebral aneurysms in both adults and kids. In children, the incidence of an SAH varies between 1.9% and 4.6%. The growing detection of SAHs in children can probably be attributed to better diagnostic tools and heightened clinical vigilance.
  • 848
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous category of developmental psychiatric disorders which is characterized by inadequate social interaction, less communication, and repetitive phenotype behavior. ASD is comorbid with various types of disorders. The reported prevalence is 1% in the United Kingdom, 1.5% in the United States, and ~0.2% in India. The natural anti-inflammatory agents on brain development are linked to interaction with many types of inflammatory pathways affected by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental variables. Inflammatory targeting pathways have already been linked to ASD. However, these routes are diluted, and new strategies are being developed in natural anti-inflammatory medicines to treat ASD. 
  • 847
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Antidiabetic Drugs in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
The public health burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease is steadily increasing worldwide, especially in the population of older adults. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest a possible shared pathophysiology between the two diseases and an increased risk of AD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, in recent years, there has been a substantial interest in identifying the mechanisms of action of antidiabetic drugs and their potential use in Alzheimer’s disease. Human studies in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease have shown that administration of some antidiabetic medications, such as intranasal insulin, metformin, incretins, and thiazolidinediones, can improve cognition and memory. 
  • 846
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered by many to be a synaptic failure. Synaptic function is in fact deeply affected in the very early disease phases and recognized as the main cause of AD-related cognitive impairment. In the brain, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by all cell types, including glial cells and neurons. They can affect the synapse and propagate synaptic alterations among connected cells in a way that poses them as attractive therapeutic targets.
  • 846
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fabry Disease and Central Nervous System Involvement
Fabry disease (FD; MIM: 301500) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) with an X-linked inheritance secondary to mutations in the GLA gene (NCBI: NC_000023.11; Xq22), which results in the absent or decreased activity of lysosomal hydrolase α-galactosidase A (AGA, α-GalA; BRENDA: EC3.2.1.22). The consequent accumulation of its primary substrate globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and its derivatives (mainly globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3)) results in injury to multiple organs and systemic dysfunction, with endothelial vascular involvement being the main pathological alteration in the disease. Although FD is among the most prevalent lysosomal disorders, with up to 2.5 cases per 100,000 males, little is known or has been reported regarding the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) beyond cerebrovascular disease. This is particularly striking since there are studies available relating FD to certain neuropsychological profiles, Parkinson’s disease (PD), the accumulation of Lewy bodies, and movement or psychiatric disorders.
  • 846
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis
The immune system encompasses two wings, innate immunity and adaptive immunity, which both work in harmony to help the body to fight diseases. The branch of innate immunity (nonspecific, natural immunity) has various roles in physiological and pathological processes. In part, it forms the front line of defense against infections and is implicated in tissue maintenance and the clearance of apoptotic cells and cellular remains. It stimulates inflammation, which indiscriminately attacks bacteria, viruses and other invaders quickly and does not require the presence of an external challenge. On other hand, the branch of the “adaptive” immune system (specific or acquired immunity) targets pathogens or strange molecules specifically, identifying them and marking them for destruction, and retains memories of previous challenges. The natural immune response is the first initiator, and it is the spearhead functioning to counter any neuroinflammation in the brain, thus including the neuroinflammation at the forefront of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology.
  • 845
  • 25 Nov 2022
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