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Topic Review
Map Database Management
Map database management systems are software programs designed to efficiently store and recall spatial information. They are widely used in localization and navigation, especially in automotive applications. Moreover, they are playing an increasingly important role in the emerging areas of location-based services, active safety functions and advanced driver-assistance systems. Common to these functions is the requirement for an on-board map database that contains information describing the road network. When designed well, a map database enables the rapid indexing and lookup of a large amount of geographic data.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Military Simulation
Military simulations, also known informally as war games, are simulations in which theories of warfare can be tested and refined without the need for actual hostilities. Military simulations are seen as a useful way to develop tactical, strategical and doctrinal solutions, but critics argue that the conclusions drawn from such models are inherently flawed, due to the approximate nature of the models used. Many professional analysts object to the term wargames as this is generally taken to be referring to the civilian hobby, thus the preference for the term simulation. Simulations exist in many different forms, with varying degrees of realism. In recent times, the scope of simulations has widened to include not only military but also political and social factors, which are seen as inextricably entwined in a realistic warfare model. Whilst many governments make use of simulation, both individually and collaboratively, little is known about it outside professional circles. Yet modelling is often the means by which governments test and refine their military and political policies.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Augmented Reality in Primary School Mathematics
Active learning, a student-centered approach, engages students in the learning process and requires them to solve problems using educational activities that enhance their learning outcomes. Augmented Reality (AR) has revolutionized the field of education by creating an intuitive environment where real and virtual objects interact, thereby facilitating the understanding of complex concepts. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation
Over the past two decades, virtual reality technology (VRT)-based rehabilitation has been increasingly examined and applied to assist patient recovery in the physical and cognitive domains. The advantages of the use of VRT in the neurorehabilitation field consist of the possibility of training an impaired function as a way to stimulate neuron reorganization (to maximize motor learning and neuroplasticity) and restoring and regaining functions and abilities by interacting with a safe and nonthreatening yet realistic virtual reality environment (VRE). Furthermore, VREs can be tailored to patient needs and provide personalized feedback on performance. VREs may also support cognitive training and increases patient motivation and enjoyment. Despite these potential advantages, there are inconclusive data about the usefulness of VRT in neurorehabilitation settings, and some issues on feasibility and safety remain to be ascertained for some neurological populations.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Bunyakovsky Conjecture
The Bunyakovsky conjecture (or Bouniakowsky conjecture) gives a criterion for a polynomial [math]\displaystyle{ f(x) }[/math] in one variable with integer coefficients to give infinitely many prime values in the sequence[math]\displaystyle{ f(1), f(2), f(3),\ldots. }[/math] It was stated in 1857 by the Russian mathematician Viktor Bunyakovsky. The following three conditions are necessary for [math]\displaystyle{ f(x) }[/math] to have the desired prime-producing property: Bunyakovsky's conjecture is that these conditions are sufficient: if [math]\displaystyle{ f(x) }[/math] satisfies (1)-(3), then [math]\displaystyle{ f(n) }[/math] is prime for infinitely many positive integers [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math].
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Opaque Forest Problem
In computational geometry, the opaque forest problem can be stated as follows: "Given a convex polygon C in the plane, determine the minimal forest T of closed, bounded line segments such that every line through C also intersects T". T is said to be the opaque forest, or barrier of C. C is said to be the coverage of T. While any forest that covers C is a barrier of C, we wish to find the one with shortest length. It may be the case that T is constrained to be strictly interior or exterior to C. In this case, we specifically refer to a barrier as interior or exterior. Otherwise, the barrier is assumed to have no constraints on its location.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
De Rham Curve
In mathematics, a de Rham curve is a certain type of fractal curve named in honor of Georges de Rham. The Cantor function, Cesàro curve, Minkowski's question mark function, the Lévy C curve, the blancmange curve and the Koch curve are all special cases of the general de Rham curve.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey
{{Multiple issues| The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is a family of surveys intended to provide nationally representative estimates of health expenditure, utilization, payment sources, health status, and health insurance coverage among the noninstitutionalized, nonmilitary population of the United States . This series of government-produced data sets can be used to examine how individuals interact with the medical care system in the United States. MEPS is administered by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in three components: the core Household Component, the Insurance/Employer Component, and the Medical Provider Component. Only the Household Component is available for download on the Internet. These components provide comprehensive national estimates of health care use and payment by individuals, families, and any other demographic group of interest.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Web-Based Serious Games and Accessibility
The entries consolidate the main concepts about serious web-based games; the characterization of serious games, accessibility, accessibility guidelines and types of disabilities, and the findings found after reviewing the literature.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Open Source in Kosovo
The first project in open source in Kosovo was the adjustment of Open Office Packet in December 2003. On 28 July 2004 the Albanian team, users of Linux (GGSL), was one of the first public organizations for the purpose of getting information about the field of open source. This conference was called "Software Freedom Day". Software Freedom Day is known as the first initiative about FOSS in Kosovo in the level of conference. The purpose of that conference was to promote the free and open software. Some of the issues that were discussed were about Linux, what is free software and open sources in general. Another issue that was discussed in that conference was about the operative system Linux and its benefits. KDE and GNOME were the last issues that were discussed in conference. Ati-Kos has made some surveys in five municipal assemblies of Kosovo in May 2005. According to this survey about 98.6% wanted software box in mother tongue, in Albanian. In another survey, the majority of the participants believed that a software box like Open Office would help in increasing the productivity in different fields because of the interface in Albanian.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Universal Photonic Biosensors, Emerging Pathogens
To provide resiliency against pandemics, new types of universal biosensors that can be rapidly adapted and deployed on a large scale for the detection of new pathogens and new variants of known pathogens and exhibit real-time detection with LOD as low as a few target molecules need to be developed. Photonic biosensors, which provide optical signal amplification and can be mass-produced by existing semiconductor foundries, offer a promising platform, which is in principle amenable to multiplexing with spectroscopic and electrochemical detection techniques. However, to reach sub-fM detection levels, photonic biosensors typically have had to be engineered to support ultra-high-Q trapped modes.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Training, Test, and Validation Sets
In machine learning, the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data is a common task. Such algorithms work by making data-driven predictions or decisions,:2 through building a mathematical model from input data. The data used to build the final model usually comes from multiple datasets. In particular, three data sets are commonly used in different stages of the creation of the model. The model is initially fit on a training dataset, that is a set of examples used to fit the parameters (e.g. weights of connections between neurons in artificial neural networks) of the model. The model (e.g. a neural net or a naive Bayes classifier) is trained on the training dataset using a supervised learning method (e.g. gradient descent or stochastic gradient descent). In practice, the training dataset often consist of pairs of an input vector and the corresponding "answer" vector (or scalar), which is commonly denoted as the target (or label). The current model is run with the training dataset and produces a result, which is then compared with the target, for each input vector in the training dataset. Based on the result of the comparison and the specific learning algorithm being used, the parameters of the model are adjusted. The model fitting can include both variable selection and parameter estimation. Successively, the fitted model is used to predict the responses for the observations in a second dataset called the validation dataset. The validation dataset provides an unbiased evaluation of a model fit on the training dataset while tuning the model's hyperparameters (e.g. the number of hidden units in a neural network). Validation datasets can be used for regularization by early stopping: stop training when the error on the validation dataset increases, as this is a sign of overfitting to the training dataset. This simple procedure is complicated in practice by the fact that the validation dataset's error may fluctuate during training, producing multiple local minima. This complication has led to the creation of many ad-hoc rules for deciding when overfitting has truly begun. Finally, the test dataset is a dataset used to provide an unbiased evaluation of a final model fit on the training dataset.. When the data in the test dataset has never been used in training (for example in cross-validation), the test dataset is also called a holdout dataset.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lieb–Oxford Inequality
In quantum chemistry and physics, the Lieb–Oxford inequality provides a lower bound for the indirect part of the Coulomb energy of a quantum mechanical system. It is named after Elliott H. Lieb and Stephen Oxford. The inequality is of importance for density functional theory and plays a role in the proof of stability of matter.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pseudonymity
Pseudonymity, a word derived from pseudonym, meaning 'false name', is a state of disguised identity. The pseudonym identifies a holder, that is, one or more human beings who possess but do not disclose their true names (that is, legal identities). Most pseudonym holders use pseudonyms because they wish to remain anonymous, but anonymity is difficult to achieve and is often fraught with legal issues. True anonymity requires unlinkability, such that an attacker's examination of the pseudonym holder's message provides no new information about the holder's true name.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Classic Empire
Empire (or Classic Empire) is a 1977 turn-based wargame with simple rules. The game was conceived by Walter Bright starting in 1971, based on various war movies and board games, notably Battle of Britain and Risk. The game was ported to many platforms in the 1970s and 80s. Several commercial versions were also released, often adding basic graphics to the originally text-based user interface. The basic gameplay is strongly reminiscent of several later games, notably Civilization.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Driver Drowsiness Detection
Drowsy driving is a widespread cause of traffic accidents, especially on highways. It has become an essential task to seek an understanding of the situation in order to be able to take immediate remedial actions to detect driver drowsiness and enhance road safety.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Kune
Kune is a free/open source distributed social network focused on collaboration rather than just on communication. That is, it focuses on online real-time collaborative editing, decentralized social networking and web publishing, while focusing on workgroups rather than just on individuals. It aims to allow for the creation of online spaces for collaborative work where organizations and individuals can build projects online, coordinate common agendas, set up virtual meetings, publish on the web, and join organizations with similar interests. It has a special focus on Free Culture and social movements needs. Kune is a project of the Comunes Collective.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Descartes' Rule of Signs
In mathematics, Descartes' rule of signs, first described by René Descartes in his work La Géométrie, is a technique for getting information on the number of positive real roots of a polynomial. It asserts that the number of positive roots is at most the number of sign changes in the sequence of polynomial's coefficients (omitting the zero coefficients), and that the difference between these two numbers is always even. This implies, in particular, that if the number of sign changes is zero or one, then there are exactly zero or one positive roots, respectively. By a homographic transformation of the variable, one may use Descartes' rule of signs for getting a similar information on the number of roots in any interval. This is the basic idea of Budan's theorem and Budan–Fourier theorem. By repeating the division of an interval into two intervals, one gets eventually a list of disjoints intervals containing together all real roots of the polynomial, and containing each exactly one real root. Descartes rule of signs and homographic transformations of the variable are, nowadays, the basis of the fastest algorithms for computer computation of real roots of polynomials (see Real-root isolation). Descartes himself used the transformation x → –x for using his rule for getting information of the number of negative roots.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aperiodic Frequency
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency and angular frequency. Frequency is measured in units of hertz (Hz) which is equal to one occurrence of a repeating event per second. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. For example: if a newborn baby's heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute (2 hertz), its period, T, — the time interval between beats—is half a second (60 seconds divided by 120 beats). Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio signals (sound), radio waves, and light.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
OpenMAX
OpenMAX (Open Media Acceleration), often shortened as "OMX", is a non-proprietary and royalty-free cross-platform set of C-language programming interfaces. It provides abstractions for routines that are especially useful for processing of audio, video, and still images. It is intended for low power and embedded system devices (including smartphones, game consoles, digital media players, and set-top boxes) that need to efficiently process large amounts of multimedia data in predictable ways, such as video codecs, graphics libraries, and other functions for video, image, audio, voice and speech. OpenMAX provides three layers of interfaces: application layer (AL), integration layer (IL) and development layer (DL). OpenMAX is managed by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
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