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Topic Review
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected. Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual-current devices (RCDs, RCCBs or GFCIs) which instead detect leakage current directly.
  • 670
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance
Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance (MR) is a promising technique for the noninvasive assessment of the regional cardiac metabolism since it permits heart physiology studies in pig and mouse models. 
  • 668
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Australia
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Australia is driven mostly by state-based electric vehicle targets and monetary incentives to support the adoption and deployment of low- or zero-emission vehicles. The monetary incentives include electric vehicle subsidies, interest-free loans, registration exemptions, stamp duty exemptions, the luxury car tax exemption and discounted parking for both private and commercial purchases. The Clean Energy Finance Corporation, energy providers, car loan providers and car insurance providers also offer their own financial incentives for electric vehicle purchases including Macquarie Bank offering the lowest electric car loan of 2.99%. The Victorian and New South Wales governments target between 50% to 53% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2030. The New South Wales Government also aim for the vast majority of new cars sold in the state to be electric vehicles by 2035. The New South Wales Government are also planning and stated they must ban the sale of internal combustion-engine vehicles by 2035. Similarly, the Victorian Government's "Infrastructure Victoria" initiative called for the government to ban the sale of petrol and diesel engine vehicles by 2035 at the latest. South Australia's Liberal government aim for 100% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2035, and plan to ensure electric vehicles are mainstream and the "common choice" for new vehicle purchases in 2030. The ACT also plan for 100% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030. The Australian states with EV sales targets represent approximately 65% of the Australian population. This means 65% of the Australian population has a target to reach more than 50% EV car sales by 2030. However, this target could be reached sooner if the two largest states governments of New South Wales and Victoria enact their plan to ban the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2035. High adoption of electric vehicles could save Australian drivers $500 billion by 2035. While a slow uptake of electric vehicles would result in a 1 trillion cost to the Australian health system by 2050. Although air pollution would cause the deaths of at least 2500 people across Sydney and Melbourne in the year 2030, even if the federal government swiftly clamped down on poisonous car fuels. A Federal Government target for 100% of car sales to be electric vehicles before 2050 could also be included in the Federal Government's National Electric Vehicle Strategy. This is because Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated in 2021 that the government's goal is to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, which would require a national transition to 100% electric vehicles before 2050. 60% of Australians also want a net-zero emissions target by 2050. Scott Morrison will deliver a target for net-zero emissions by 2050 to the 2021 UN Climate Conference. The New South Wales treasurer, Matt Kean, said the federal Nationals should resign if they didn't support a national target for net-zero emissions by 2050. To reach net-zero emissions by 2050, electric vehicles will also need to represent 50% of car sales by 2035.
  • 668
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tactile and Force Sensors for Human–Machine Interaction
Human–Machine Interface (HMI) plays a key role in the interaction between people and machines, which allows people to easily and intuitively control the machine and immersively experience the virtual world of the meta-universe by virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) technology. Wearable skin-integrated tactile and force sensors are widely used in immersive human–machine interactions due to their ultra-thin, ultra-soft, conformal characteristics. 
  • 668
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Using Photonics to Detect COVID-19-Virus
Photonics techniques are the science of energy generating, detecting, and transmitting information using light, applying it in every part of life, from microscopy to optical communications. Likewise, it includes cutting-edge applications of lasers, optics, fiber optics, and electro-optical systems in a wide variety of areas of technology, including engineering, healthcare, telecommunications, environmental control, national security, aerospace, and solid-state illumination. As a result, this technique has opened up new challenges in different fields.
  • 667
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Profiling the Cycling-Induced Oxide Trapped Charge
NAND Flash memories have gained tremendous attention owing to the increasing demand for storage capacity. This implies that NAND cells need to scale continuously to maintain the pace of technological evolution. Even though NAND Flash memory technology has evolved from a traditional 2D concept toward a 3D structure, the traditional reliability problems related to the tunnel oxide continue to persist.
  • 667
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Foundation Fieldbus
Other than 4-20 mA analogue standard which is the most popular analogue standard in the field of industrial automation, smart transmitters based on wired digital communication protocols such as Foundation Fieldbus might be a good alternative to consider for the purpose of improved performance and increased reliability in measurement and control process. 
  • 666
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Extremely Fast Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles
The charging station is useful in this interest to make the EVs functional. It is up to the general customer to adopt EVs and the utility grid to inject more renewables into grid so that the energy EV draws is clean. But fast charging stations are rarely found at home.
  • 665
  • 25 Nov 2021
Biography
Udhayakumar Kaithamalai
Dr. Udhayakumar Kaithamalai is working as professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India. Beginning in August 2001, he has held positions at this University in a variety of capacities including Teaching & Research Associate, Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor and Professor (cur
  • 664
  • 21 Dec 2022
Biography
Tarek Elfouly
Besancon University Besancon, France Ph.D. Degree in Computer Automation. (Jan, 2000) Thesis title: Modelling, simulation and control of manufacturing systems using a multi model approach. Research Areas: Petri Nets, Multi-models, manufacturing systems, modeling and simulation UFR University Besancon, France DEA in Computer and Automation. (June, 1996) Thesis title: MODSIM & SIMCOM computer t
  • 662
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
System Strength Challenges in Australia’s National Electricity Market
The national electricity market (NEM) of Australia is reforming via the rapid uptake of variable renewable energy (VRE) integration concurrent with the retirement of conventional synchronous generation. System strength has emerged as a prominent challenge and constraint to power system stability and ongoing grid connection of VRE such as solar and wind.
  • 660
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Radio Signals-Based Positioning
The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) has significantly increased the demand for Location-Based Services (LBS). Among these services, indoor positioning and navigation have emerged as crucial components, driving the growth of indoor localization systems. However, using GPS in indoor environments is impractical, leading to a surge in interest in Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and machine learning-based algorithms for in-building localization and navigation.
  • 660
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The 5G Spectrum Standardization
The rapid increase in data traffic caused by the proliferation of smart devices has spurred the demand for extremely large-capacity wireless networks. Thus, faster data transmission rates and greater spectral efficiency have become critical requirements in modern-day networks. The ubiquitous 5G is an end-to-end network capable of accommodating billions of linked devices and offering high-performance broadcast services due to its several enabling technologies.
  • 659
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pig Movement Estimation
Pig husbandry constitutes a significant segment within the broader framework of livestock farming, with porcine well-being emerging as a paramount concern due to its direct implications on pig breeding and production. An easily observable proxy for assessing the health of pigs lies in their daily patterns of movement. The daily movement patterns of pigs can be used as an indicator of their health, in which more active pigs are usually healthier than those who are not active, providing farmers with knowledge of identifying pigs’ health state before they become sick or their condition becomes life-threatening. However, the conventional means of estimating pig mobility largely rely on manual observations by farmers, which is impractical in the context of contemporary centralized and extensive pig farming operations. In response to these challenges, multi-object tracking and pig behavior methods are adopted to monitor pig health and welfare closely.
  • 658
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Aerodynamic Power Extraction of Large-Scale Wind Turbine Systems
As the impacts of environmental change become more severe, reliable and sustainable power generation and efficient aerodynamic power collection of onshore and offshore wind turbine systems present some of the associated key issues to address. 
  • 658
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Wind Energy Harvesting and Conversion Systems
Wind energy harvesting for electricity generation has a significant role in overcoming the challenges involved with climate change and the energy resource implications involved with population growth and political unrest. Indeed, there has been significant growth in wind energy capacity worldwide with turbine capacity growing significantly. This confidence is echoed in the wind power market and global wind energy statistics. However, wind energy capture and utilisation has always been challenging. Appreciation of the wind as a resource makes for difficulties in modelling and the sensitivities of how the wind resource maps to energy production results in an energy harvesting opportunity. An opportunity that is dependent on different system parameters, namely the wind as a resource, technology and system synergies in realizing an optimal wind energy harvest.
  • 655
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
AI-Based Cyber-Attack Detection and Mitigation in Microgrids
With the inclusion of communication networks and smart metering devices, the attack surface has increased in microgrids, making them vulnerable to various cyber-attacks. The negative impact of such attacks may render the microgrids out-of-service, and the attacks may propagate throughout the network due to the absence of efficient mitigation approaches. AI-based techniques are being employed to tackle such data-driven cyber-attacks due to their exceptional pattern recognition and learning capabilities. AI-based methods for cyber-attack detection and mitigation that address the cyber-attacks in microgrids are summarized. 
  • 652
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
ERC-4519 NFTs for the Rental of Smart Homes
The rental of houses is a common economic activity. However, there are many inconveniences that arise when renting a property. The lack of trust between the landlord and the tenant due to fraud or squatters makes it necessary to involve third parties to minimize risk. A blockchain (such as Ethereum) provides an ideal solution to act as a low-cost intermediary. In particular, the use of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) based on ERC-4519 is very interesting for smart home tokenization. The ERC-4519 is an Ethereum standard for describing NFTs tied to physical assets, allowing smart homes (assets) to be linked to NFTs so that the smart homes can interact with the blockchain and perform transactions, know their landlord (owner) and assigned tenant (user), whether they are authenticated or not, and know their operating mode (NFT state). The payments associated with the rental process are made using the NFT, eliminating the need for additional fungible tokens and simplifying the process. 
  • 652
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Electrical Machines Winding Technology and Transportation Electrification
The ever-increasing demand for higher-power dense electrical machines has resulted in different electrical, mechanical, and thermal stresses, which can eventually cause machine failure. For this reason, the management of stresses and losses must be thoughtfully investigated to have a highly reliable electrical machine. 
  • 650
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Thermal Management Requirements
The burgeoning electric vehicle industry has become a crucial player in tackling environmental pollution and addressing oil scarcity. As these vehicles continue to advance, effective thermal management systems are essential to ensure battery safety, optimize energy utilization, and prolong vehicle lifespan.
  • 644
  • 29 Jun 2023
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