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Topic Review
Cannabinoids/Endocannabinoid Control of Food Intake
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signaling system formed by specific receptors (cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2)), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. The ECS, centrally and peripherally, is involved in various physiological processes, including regulation of energy balance, promotion of metabolic process, food intake, weight gain, promotion of fat accumulation in adipocytes, and regulation of body homeostasis; thus, its overactivity may be related to obesity.
  • 877
  • 06 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Endocrine Axes
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. NAFLD often occurs associated with endocrinopathies. Evidence suggests that endocrine dysfunction may play an important role in NAFLD development, progression, and severity.
  • 877
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Children Cancer Diagnosis Nutritional Status
Malnutrition is caused either by cancer itself or by its treatment, and affects the clinical outcome, the quality of life (QOL), and the overall survival (OS) of the patient. However, malnutrition in children with cancer should not be accepted or tolerated as an inevitable procedure at any stage of the disease. A review of the international literature from 2014 to 2019 was performed. Despite the difficulty of accurately assessing the prevalence of malnutrition, poor nutritional status has adverse effects from diagnosis to subsequent survival. Nutritional status (NS) at diagnosis relates to undernutrition, while correlations with clinical outcome are still unclear. Malnutrition adversely affects health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with cancer and collective evidence constantly shows poor nutritional quality in childhood cancer survivors (CCSs). Nutritional assessment and early intervention in pediatric cancer patients could minimize the side effects of treatment, improve their survival, and reduce the risk of nutritional morbidity with a positive impact on QOL, in view of the potentially manageable nature of this risk factor.
  • 873
  • 19 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nutrition, mitochondrial functioning and cognition
Aging is inevitable and it is one of the major contributors to cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline are still the object of extensive research. At the biological level, it is unknown how the aging brain is subjected to progressive oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which determine, among others, mitochondrial dysfunction. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment is becoming ever more clear by the presence of significant neurological disturbances in human mitochondrial diseases. Possibly, the most important lifestyle factor determining mitochondrial functioning is nutrition. 
  • 869
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Diet in COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and a growing healthcare problem. Several dietary options can be considered in terms of COPD prevention and/or progression. Although definitive data are lacking, the available scientific evidence indicates that some foods and nutrients, especially those nutraceuticals endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and when consumed in combinations in the form of balanced dietary patterns, are associated with better pulmonary function, less lung function decline, and reduced risk of COPD.
  • 869
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Obesity and Nutrients during COVID-19
The past year has shown that obesity is a risk factor for severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 in-fection. Excess fat mass during obesity is known to be a risk factor for chronic diseases but also for severe infections and infectious complications.
  • 866
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Preventing Complications of Type-2 Diabetes
Diabetes is a major public health concern that is approaching epidemic proportions globally [1]. About 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, and 1.6 million deaths are directly attributed to diabetes each year. The most common is the type 2 diabetes. In the past three decades, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels [2].
  • 866
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Probiotic Use in IBD Patients
Probiotics demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the safety profile of probiotics is still insufficiently explored.
  • 861
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Management of Childhood Obesity
The examination of the etiology of childhood obesity is a growing area of research aiming to yield important insights for public health. Given the rising prevalence of childhood obesity in most developed and developing countries, it is now considered a global pandemic . Worldwide, an estimated 170 million children are considered overweight or obese currently, and approximately more than half of them are predicted to become obese adults. These trends in excess body weight may also contribute to an increase in chronic cardio-metabolic disorders, typically observed only in adults (e.g., hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia), but are becoming increasingly common in children and adolescents with obesity . Additionally, pediatric populations with obesity are known to have several psychosocial problems including discrimination, social isolation, and low self-esteem, which affect their health, education, and quality of life. Furthermore, the crosstalk between obesity and many viral pandemics, such as the 2009 swine flu or the current COVID-19 pandemic, has provided new insights into mortal characteristics of this chronic syndrome.
  • 855
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition and COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 disease, is posing unprecedent challenges. In the literature, increasing evidence highlights how malnutrition negatively affects the immune system functionality, impairing protection from infections.
  • 855
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Recommendations of Dietary Guidelines and Sustainability Aspects
In the Italian Dietary Guidelines (IDGs)’ sustainability chapter, particular emphasis was put on the selection of foods, recommending a plant-based diet with a large quota of vegetable proteins. Advice was also given on the selection of local seasonal products, with low growth input, such as fertilizers, artificial light and heating. Reduction of animal food was recommended, to be substituted with lower impact foods (poultry, milk, eggs and Mediterranean fish including aquaculture). Food waste was largely addressed. Recommendations were made for food purchase planning, food storage and the reuse of leftovers as strategies to reduce waste and save money. The IDGs sustainability recommendations were related to the 16 guiding principles of a sustainable healthy diet and their contribution to the achievement of the Sustainable Developing Goals was provided. The inclusion of sustainability in dietary guidelines requires a multidisciplinary approach to cover the wide range of aspects of a sustainable diet. In the IDGs, it was possible to show that practical recommendations for improving sustainability behavior can be passed on to consumers. 
  • 855
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Omega 3 and Preterm Birth
Preterm birth (PTB) is a major cause of neonatal death and long-term consequences for the newborn.  There is not enough available evidence that supports the conclusion that omega 3 supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk of PTB and ePTB.
  • 853
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D, Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer
The current vitamin D deficiency epidemic is accompanied by an increase in endemic skin cancer. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure (neither artificial nor natural) is not the ideal source to synthesize vitamin D. There is conflicting epidemiological evidence regarding vitamin D, non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and cutaneous melanoma (CMM), confounded by the effect of sun exposure and other factors. 
  • 853
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Cancer Activities and Selective Anticancer Activities of Lycopene
Lycopene is a well-known compound found commonly in tomatoes which brings wide range of health benefits against cardiovascular diseases and cancers. From an anti-cancer perspective, lycopene is often associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer and people often look for it as a dietary supplement which may help to prevent cancer.
  • 853
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome-Brain-Gut Axis in the Pathogenesis of Depressive Disorder
The brain and gut, through the microbiota, can influence each other’s functions via neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and sensory-neural molecular pathways. Moreover, both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and gut peptides might be involved in this communication system.
  • 851
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Uses of Melatonin
Melatonin has become a popular dietary supplement, most known as a chronobiotic, and for establishing healthy sleep. There are distinct similarities between melatonin and vitamin D in the depth and breadth of their impact on health. Both act as hormones, affect multiple systems through their immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory functions, are found in the skin, and are responsive to sunlight and darkness.
  • 851
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Phytochemicals to Counteract the Stages of Liver Disease
The liver is composed of several cell types, mainly including hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, stellate cells, sinusoidal cells, and Kupffer cells. Hepatocytes are the most abundant cells in the liver volume, and they perform many biological functions attributed to this organ; cholangiocytes are polarized cells that line the bile ducts within the liver and play a crucial role in the secretion and modification of bile, which is essential for the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine, in addition to their immunological functions; hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a multifaceted cell population existing as a quiescent form that can be activated when damage is induced to promote wound healing; sinusoidal endothelial cells are a specialized endothelial population that coat the hepatic sinusoids and allow for the exchange of nutrients, hormones, and waste products between the blood and the liver cells; and finally, Kupffer cells are a type of dedicated macrophage of the liver that help to remove foreign particles such as bacteria and viruses.
  • 850
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Old Fashioned vs. Ultra-Processed-Based Diets
Ultra-processed foods are ready-to-heat and ready-to-eat products created to replace traditional homemade meals and dishes due to convenience and accessibility. Because of their low-fiber and high-fat and sugar composition, these foodstuffs could induce a negative impact on health. They are partially responsible for obesity and chronic non-transmissible diseases; additionally, they could impact in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. The rationale is that the nutritional composition of ultra-processed foodstuffs can induce gut dysbiosis, promoting a pro-inflammatory response and consequently, a “leaky gut”. These factors have been associated with increased risk of autoimmunity in genetically predisposed children. In addition, food emulsifiers, commonly used in ultra-processed products could modify the gut microbiota and intestinal permeability, which could increase the risk of autoimmunity. In contrast, unprocessed and minimally processed food-based diets have shown the capacity to promote gut microbiota eubiosis, anti-inflammatory response, and epithelial integrity, through bacterial butyrate production.
  • 845
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Obesity, Body Composition, and Nutrition in COVID-19 Pandemia
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread worldwide, infecting nearly 500 million people, with more than 6 million deaths recorded globally. Obesity leads people to be more vulnerable, developing worse outcomes that can require hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU). Most studies showed that not only body fat quantity but also its distribution seems to play a crucial role in COVID-19 severity. Compared to the body mass index (BMI), visceral adipose tissue and intrathoracic fat are better predictors of COVID-19 severity and indicate the need for hospitalization in ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation. High volumes of epicardial adipose tissue and its thickness can cause an infection located in the myocardial tissue, thereby enhancing severe COVID-related myocardial damage with impairments in coronary flow reserve and thromboembolism. 
  • 844
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Fat intake and Glycemic Controltes
Nutrition therapy is a cornerstone of type 1 diabetes management. Glycemic control is affected by diet composition, which can contribute to the development of diabetes complications. The specific role of macronutrients is still debated, particularly fat intake. 
  • 844
  • 11 Nov 2021
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