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Topic Review
Nutrition, mitochondrial functioning and cognition
Aging is inevitable and it is one of the major contributors to cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline are still the object of extensive research. At the biological level, it is unknown how the aging brain is subjected to progressive oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which determine, among others, mitochondrial dysfunction. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment is becoming ever more clear by the presence of significant neurological disturbances in human mitochondrial diseases. Possibly, the most important lifestyle factor determining mitochondrial functioning is nutrition. 
  • 861
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition Treatment for T2D
National and international guidelines for nutritional and lifestyle recommendations are available, together with protocols to guide weight loss to produce long-term T2D remission. Nutrition treatment becomes extremely challenging since additional determinants of malnutrition may be present, including reduced food intake and/or defective absorption of nutrients and impaired albumin synthesis.
  • 861
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Leucine Supplementation and Sarcopenia
Treating sarcopenia remains a challenge, and nutritional interventions present promising approaches. We summarize the effects of leucine supplementation in treating older individuals with sarcopenia associated with aging or to specific disorders, and we focus on the effect of leucine supplementation on various sarcopenia criteria, e.g., muscular strength, lean mass, and physical performance. 
  • 860
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Obesity and Nutrients during COVID-19
The past year has shown that obesity is a risk factor for severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 in-fection. Excess fat mass during obesity is known to be a risk factor for chronic diseases but also for severe infections and infectious complications.
  • 859
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Diet in COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and a growing healthcare problem. Several dietary options can be considered in terms of COPD prevention and/or progression. Although definitive data are lacking, the available scientific evidence indicates that some foods and nutrients, especially those nutraceuticals endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and when consumed in combinations in the form of balanced dietary patterns, are associated with better pulmonary function, less lung function decline, and reduced risk of COPD.
  • 859
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Endocrine Axes
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. NAFLD often occurs associated with endocrinopathies. Evidence suggests that endocrine dysfunction may play an important role in NAFLD development, progression, and severity.
  • 855
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Preventing Complications of Type-2 Diabetes
Diabetes is a major public health concern that is approaching epidemic proportions globally [1]. About 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, and 1.6 million deaths are directly attributed to diabetes each year. The most common is the type 2 diabetes. In the past three decades, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels [2].
  • 850
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Management of Childhood Obesity
The examination of the etiology of childhood obesity is a growing area of research aiming to yield important insights for public health. Given the rising prevalence of childhood obesity in most developed and developing countries, it is now considered a global pandemic . Worldwide, an estimated 170 million children are considered overweight or obese currently, and approximately more than half of them are predicted to become obese adults. These trends in excess body weight may also contribute to an increase in chronic cardio-metabolic disorders, typically observed only in adults (e.g., hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia), but are becoming increasingly common in children and adolescents with obesity . Additionally, pediatric populations with obesity are known to have several psychosocial problems including discrimination, social isolation, and low self-esteem, which affect their health, education, and quality of life. Furthermore, the crosstalk between obesity and many viral pandemics, such as the 2009 swine flu or the current COVID-19 pandemic, has provided new insights into mortal characteristics of this chronic syndrome.
  • 849
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition and COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 disease, is posing unprecedent challenges. In the literature, increasing evidence highlights how malnutrition negatively affects the immune system functionality, impairing protection from infections.
  • 849
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Recommendations of Dietary Guidelines and Sustainability Aspects
In the Italian Dietary Guidelines (IDGs)’ sustainability chapter, particular emphasis was put on the selection of foods, recommending a plant-based diet with a large quota of vegetable proteins. Advice was also given on the selection of local seasonal products, with low growth input, such as fertilizers, artificial light and heating. Reduction of animal food was recommended, to be substituted with lower impact foods (poultry, milk, eggs and Mediterranean fish including aquaculture). Food waste was largely addressed. Recommendations were made for food purchase planning, food storage and the reuse of leftovers as strategies to reduce waste and save money. The IDGs sustainability recommendations were related to the 16 guiding principles of a sustainable healthy diet and their contribution to the achievement of the Sustainable Developing Goals was provided. The inclusion of sustainability in dietary guidelines requires a multidisciplinary approach to cover the wide range of aspects of a sustainable diet. In the IDGs, it was possible to show that practical recommendations for improving sustainability behavior can be passed on to consumers. 
  • 849
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Uses of Melatonin
Melatonin has become a popular dietary supplement, most known as a chronobiotic, and for establishing healthy sleep. There are distinct similarities between melatonin and vitamin D in the depth and breadth of their impact on health. Both act as hormones, affect multiple systems through their immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory functions, are found in the skin, and are responsive to sunlight and darkness.
  • 845
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D, Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer
The current vitamin D deficiency epidemic is accompanied by an increase in endemic skin cancer. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure (neither artificial nor natural) is not the ideal source to synthesize vitamin D. There is conflicting epidemiological evidence regarding vitamin D, non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and cutaneous melanoma (CMM), confounded by the effect of sun exposure and other factors. 
  • 841
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microbiome-Brain-Gut Axis in the Pathogenesis of Depressive Disorder
The brain and gut, through the microbiota, can influence each other’s functions via neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and sensory-neural molecular pathways. Moreover, both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and gut peptides might be involved in this communication system.
  • 839
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Probiotic Use in IBD Patients
Probiotics demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the safety profile of probiotics is still insufficiently explored.
  • 837
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Microbiome in Critically Ill Patients
Critically ill patients have an alteration in the microbiome in which it becomes a disease-promoting pathobiome. It is characterized by lower bacterial diversity, loss of commensal phyla, like Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and a domination of pathogens belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum. Critically ill patients also have a hyperpermeable gut barrier and dysregulation of the inflammatory response that favor the development of the pathobiome, translocation of pathogens, and facilitate the emergence of sepsis. 
  • 836
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Characteristics and General Classification of Gastric Cancer
Gastric tumors have been divided based on their location—cardiac and distal. The former refers to the small paracardial area, while the latter refers to the rest of it. The most popular classification in terms of histology is the Laurén classification, which distinguishes between two types of gastric cancer (GC)—intestinal and diffuse. The first GC subtype is often associated with Helicobacter Pylori and lifestyle, which includes a high intake of table salt and alcohol, a low supply of fruits and vegetables, or smoking. It is estimated that about 15–20% of tumors do not fall under Laurén’s classification and are, therefore, considered intermediate tumors. Clinically, GC can also be divided according to its early or advanced stage. Early gastric cancers refer to small tumors (2–5 cm) that take the form of invasive carcinoma of the gastric mucosa or submucosa. Detection of lesions at their early stage is associated with relatively good survival.
  • 836
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Foods in Prevention of Atherosclerosis
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are considered to be the leading cause of death worldwide. Inadequate fruit and vegetable intake have been recognized as a risk factor for almost all NCDs (type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases). 
  • 831
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Fat intake and Glycemic Controltes
Nutrition therapy is a cornerstone of type 1 diabetes management. Glycemic control is affected by diet composition, which can contribute to the development of diabetes complications. The specific role of macronutrients is still debated, particularly fat intake. 
  • 831
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Omega 3 and Preterm Birth
Preterm birth (PTB) is a major cause of neonatal death and long-term consequences for the newborn.  There is not enough available evidence that supports the conclusion that omega 3 supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk of PTB and ePTB.
  • 830
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Old Fashioned vs. Ultra-Processed-Based Diets
Ultra-processed foods are ready-to-heat and ready-to-eat products created to replace traditional homemade meals and dishes due to convenience and accessibility. Because of their low-fiber and high-fat and sugar composition, these foodstuffs could induce a negative impact on health. They are partially responsible for obesity and chronic non-transmissible diseases; additionally, they could impact in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. The rationale is that the nutritional composition of ultra-processed foodstuffs can induce gut dysbiosis, promoting a pro-inflammatory response and consequently, a “leaky gut”. These factors have been associated with increased risk of autoimmunity in genetically predisposed children. In addition, food emulsifiers, commonly used in ultra-processed products could modify the gut microbiota and intestinal permeability, which could increase the risk of autoimmunity. In contrast, unprocessed and minimally processed food-based diets have shown the capacity to promote gut microbiota eubiosis, anti-inflammatory response, and epithelial integrity, through bacterial butyrate production.
  • 830
  • 20 Sep 2022
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